Inglés


Verbos en inglés


TO BE [=ser, estar…]
Como todos los verbos auxiliares, para hacer la negativa se le añade NOT y para la interrogativa basta con cambiar el orden (en lugar de Sujeto + Verbo, ponemos Verbo + Sujeto?).

Simple Present

I am (I'm)
You are (You're)
He/She/It is (He's/ she's/ It's)
We are (We're)
You are (You're)
They are (They're)

I'm not
You aren't
He/she/it isn't
We aren't
You aren't
They aren't

Am I?
Are you?
Is he/she/it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

Simple Past

I was
You were
He/She/It was
We were
You were
They were

I wasn't
You weren't
He/She/It wasn't
We weren't
You weren't
They weren't

Was I?
Were you?
Was he/she/it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?

THERE BE [=haber impersonal: "hay", "había"…]
Simple Present

There is
There are

There isn't
There aren't

Is there?
Are there?

Simple Past

There was
There were

There wasn't
There weren't

Was there?
Were there?

Nota: funciona igual que el verbo TO BE, pero colocando el pronombre impersonal «there» como sujeto, tanto en tiempos compuestos:
"There has been enough money"
como con verbos modales:
"There must be a reason".

TO HAVE (GOT) [=tener]
Simple Present

I have (I've) got
You have (You've) got
He/She/It has (He's) got
We have (We've) got
You have (You've) got
They have (They've) got

I haven't got
You haven't got
He/She/It hasn't got
We haven't got
You haven't got
They haven't got

Have I got?
Have you got?
Has he/she/it got?
Have we got?
Have you got?
Have they got?

TO HAVE [verbo principal = tomar, comer...]
Simple Present

I have
You have
He/She/It has
We have
You have
They have

I don't have
You don't have
He/She/It doesn't have
We don't have
You don't have
They don't have

Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he/she/it have?
Do we have?
Do you have?
Do they have?

Simple Past

I had
You had
He/She/It had
We had
You had
They had

I didn't have
You didn't have
He/She/It didn't have
We didn't have
You didn't have
They didn't have

Did I have?
Did you have?
Did he/she/it have?
Did we have?
Did you have?
Did they have?


EXPRESIONES CON «BE» y «HAVE»

• En inglés, las expresiones «tener X años, hambre, sed, frío, calor, cuidado, miedo…» se forman con BE + adjetivo:
«be X years old, hungry, thirsty, cold, hot, careful, afraid…»

• También la hora se expresa con BE:
What's the time? / What time is it?
It is [hour] o'clock
It is (a) quarter past [hour]
It is half past [hour]
It is (a) quarter to [hour]
It is [minutes past [hour]
It is [minutes] to [hour]

• Igualmente se expresa con BE el tiempo atmosférico:
What's the weather like?
It's hot / warm / nice / cool / cold / sunny / cloudy / windy / raining / snowing …

• En inglés, los verbos de las comidas se forman con HAVE + el nombre de la comida:
«have breakfast, lunch, dinner, tea, supper»

• Otras expresiones con HAVE: «have a shower, …a bath, …a walk, …a rest, …a look, …a cigarette, …a drink»

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES y POSESIVOS
Los pronombres personales pueden ser de SUJETO (siempre son sujeto de un verbo y es la única función que pueden cumplir) y de OBJETO (directo, indirecto, preposicional).
Los posesivos pueden ser ADJETIVOS (van siempre delante de un nombre, como cualquier adjectivo) y PRONOMBRES (sustituyen a un nombre con adjetivo posesivo; nunca llevan artículo. Ej: "my books" ---> "mine"; no *the mine, ni *mines).

personal pronouns

possessive

subject

object

adjectives

pronouns

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their

mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs


REGLAS DEL PLURAL

• Regla general: añadir una -S al singular: book --> bookS, tree --> treeS

• Si el nombre acaba en: -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, añadimos -ES:
bus .... busES, class .... classES, dish .... dishES, match .... matchES,
box .... boxES, tomato .... tomatoES

• Si el nombre acaba en -y precedida de consonante, la -Y se cambia por -I y añadimos -ES:
candy .... candIES
(si la -y va precedida de vocal, se sigue la regla general: boy .... boyS)

• Si el nombre termina en -f o -fe, se cambia por -V y se añade -ES:
thief .... thieVES, wife .... wiVES
(pero si acaba en -ff, sigue la regla general: cliff .... cliffS)

Plurales especiales:
man .... men
woman .... women
child .... children
person .... people
ox .... oxen
foot .... feet
tooth .... teeth
goose .... geese
mouse .... mice
louse .... lice
fish .... fish
sheep .... sheep

• police, clothes, scissors, trousers… son siempre plural
• news, advice, information, furniture…son incontables y por tanto singular.

WH- QUESTIONS
What?
Which?
Who (Whom, Whose)?
When?
Where?
Why?
[How (much/many?, long?, far?, often?, …)?]


CAN / COULD

Como todos los verbos modales,CAN va siempre seguido de INFINITIVO sin TO y no varía en las terceras personas. Su pasado es COULD. No tiene más tiempos.

• Funciones:

1. ABILITY: (=know how to; be able to)
He can speak Russian very well.
I can't touch the ceiling.

2. PERMISSION: (=be allowed to)
Can I go out tonight?

3. POSSIBILITY: (=be possible)
In Scotland, it can rain any time.

4. REQUESTS: Can you tell me the time, please?

Nota: Con algunos verbos de sensación o entendimiento (stative verbs) se emplea en lugar del presente contínuo: I can hear a noise (*I'm hearing a noise)
Yes, I can understand you now (*I'm understanding…)

GRADOS DEL ADJETIVO

• Positivo: se usa el adjetivo en sí; expresa la cualidad pura y simple. (Ex: intelligent, shy, clever, useful)

• Comparativo de:
a) Igualdad: as ........ as ........ (Ex: as intelligent as, etc)
b) Inferioridad: less ....... than ........ (Ex: less intelligent than, etc)
c) Superioridad: (dependiendo del número de sílabas que tiene el adjetivo)

>2: more ...... than ....... (Ex: more intelligent than)
<2: -er ....... than ....... (Ex: shier than)
=2: Si acaba en -y, -er: -er than ....... (Ex: cleverer than)
Si acaba en -re, -ful: more ...... than ....... (Ex: more useful than)

•Superlativo: (también depende del número de sílabas del adjetivo)
>2: the most ....... (Ex: the most intelligent)
<2: the ......-est (Ex: the shiest)
=2: Si acaba en -y, -er: the ......-est (Ex: the cleverest)
Si acaba en -re, -ful: the most ....... (Ex: the most useful)

«-ING FORM»

Se forma añadiendo al infinitivo la terminación "-ing".
a) Si el infinitivo termina en -e, se suprime la -e:
make > making.
b) Si el infinitivo termina en -y, sigue la regla general:
try > trying.
c) Si el infinitivo acaba en consonante precedida de una sola sílaba tónica, se duplica la consonante:
run > running.
d) Si el infinitivo acaba en -ie, se cambia por -y:
die > dying

Funciones de la '-ing form':
a) Gerundio: Se utiliza en los tiempos continuos (I'm reading)
y cuando el verbo va precedido de preposición (It's for sawing wood).
b) Present participle: equivale a una oración de relativo (The boy talking to the teacher...).
b) Verbal noun: Se utiliza para formar un nombre a partir de un verbo: meeting, jogging...
c) Verbal adjective: Para formar un adjetivo a partir de un verbo: loving thing, stinking rat...

WANT + TO INF

Este verbo siempre va seguido de infinitivo [no de gerundio como parece indicar el 'to', ya que en este caso no es una preposición sino un indicador de infinitivo]:
Ex: I want to finish this work today.

• Cuando aparece el objeto en la oración, sigue la siguiente estructura:
Sujeto + Want + Objeto + To + Infinitivo
She wants him to come with us.

LIKE + TO INF / GERUND

Sujeto + Like + To + Infinitivo (Indica apetecer o querer hacer alguna cosa):
I like to see him now.
Sujeto + Like + Gerundio (Significa gustar hacer algo -habitualmente-):
I like watching TV.

Nota: La primera estructura suele ir en condicional (aunque generalmente se traduce en presente):
What would you like to have?

SAXON GENITIVE

Fundamentalmente se utiliza para indicar posesión.
Esquema general:
Poseedor + 'S + cosa poseída
That is Francho's room.

Excepción:
Si el poseedor está en plural y acaba en -s, pondremos simplemente el apóstrofe ( ' ):
The teachers' room is over there.
Ojo: Si el nombre está en singular, pero terminado en -s, se continua poniendo 'S y se pronuncia /iz/:
James's car /'dzeimziz ca:/

VERBOS COMUNES

•TIEMPOS SIMPLES

1. Simple Present

También se llama «presente habitual» porque expresa una acción que sucede habitualmente o con una determinada frecuencia.
(+) Sujeto + Infinitivo (para la 3º persona, se añade al infinitivo -[e]s, siguiendo lasmismas reglas del plural).
(?) Sujeto + Don't/Doesn't + Infinitivo
(?) Do/Does + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

Adverbios de frecuencia con el Present Simple:
Always
Normally
Usually [--> construcciones que equivalen a nuestro verbo "soler" en presente]
Often
Sometimes
Occasionally
Seldom
Hardly ever
Never

Notas:
a. Estos adverbios se colocan siempre delante del verbo principal.
b. Si el verbo principal es To Be, el adverbio irá detrás de él.
c. En otros tiempos verbales en los que puede aparecer más de un verbo auxiliar, los adverbios irán detrás del primer auxiliar.

2. Simple Past

Se utiliza para expresar acciones terminadas en el pasado.
(+) Sujeto + Infinitivo + ED (o 2ª forma de los verbos irregulares)
(-) Sujeto + Didn't + Infinitivo
(?) Did + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

Nota:
AGO siempre va asociado al Simple Past para indicar el tiempo que "hace" que ocurrió una acción:
They were here three years ago.

3. Simple Future

Se utiliza para expresar predicciones o acciones que ocurrirán en el futuro y que obedecen a un plan o programa establecido de antemano.
(+) Sujeto + Shall/Will/'ll + Infinitivo.
(-) Sujeto + Shan't/Won't + Infinitivo.
(?) Shall/Will + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

Nota:
El auxiliar WILL se puede utilizar en todos los casos, pero SHALL se sigue utilizando para la primera persona (singular y plural).

4. Simple Conditional

Su utilización prácticamente coincide con la del castellano.
(+) Sujeto + Should/Would/'d + Infinitivo.
(?) Sujeto + Shouldn't/Wouldn't + Infinitivo.
(?) Should/Would + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

Nota: El auxiliar WOULD se puede utilizar en todos los casos, pero SHOULD se sigue utilizando para la primera persona (singular y plural).

TIEMPOS CONTINUOS

1. Present Continuous

Se utiliza para expresar:
• una acción que está ocurriendo ahora;
• futuro inmediato;
• intención por parte del sujeto.
(+) Sujeto + Am/Are/Is + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Am not/Aren't/Isn't + Gerundio.
(?) Am/Are/Is + Sujeto + Gerundio?

2. Past Continuous

Se utiliza para expresar una acción que estuvo ocurriendo durante un determinado periodo de tiempo en el pasado; muchas veces equivale al pretérito imperfecto del castellano.
(+) Sujeto + Was/Were + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Wasn't/Weren't + Gerundio.
(?) Was/Were + Sujeto + Gerundio?

3. Future Continuous

Se utiliza para expresar una acción que ocurrirá durante un cierto periodo de tiempo en el futuro.
(+) Sujeto + Shall/Will/'ll + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Shan't/Won't + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Shall/Will + Sujeto + Be + Gerundio?

4. Conditional Continuous

Se utiliza para expresar una acción condicional que se prolonga durante un cierto periodo de tiempo.
(+) Sujeto + Should/Would/'d + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Sujeto + Shouldn't/Wouldn't + Be + Gerundio.
(?) Should/Would + Sujeto + Be + Gerundio?

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS

1. Present Perfect

No coincide con el pretérito perfecto del castellano. Se refiere a acciones relacionadas con el presente, bien porque empezaron en el pasado y llegan hasta el presente ("up to now") o bien aunque terminaron en el pasado, cobran importancia en el presente (experiencias, cambios o diferencias entre el pasado y presente…)
(+) Sujeto + Have/Has + Participio pasado.
(?) Sujeto + Haven't/Hasn't + Participio pasado.
(?) Have/Has + Sujeto + Participio pasado?

Notas:
1. FOR se utiliza para expresar el tiempo que lleva ocurriendo algo («durante» tanto tiempo o «desde hace» tanto tiempo).
Sujeto + Have/Has + Participio pasado + For + Periodo de tiempo.
I haven't smoked a cigarette for three months.

2. SINCE se utiliza para expresar un momento determinado en el pasado en el que comienza la acción.
Sujeto + Have/Has + Participio pasado + Since + Punto en el pasado.
I've played tennis since 1991.

3. JUST se utiliza para expresar una acción que acaba de ocurrir en este momento.
Sujeto + Have/Has + Just + Participio pasado.
Mary Flower has just arrived.

4. STILL NOT se utiliza para expresar una acción que aún no se ha completado, pero que se esperaba que ya lo hubiese hecho; es enfático.
Sujeto + Still + Haven't/Hasn't + Participio pasado.
They still haven't brought my book back.

5. ALREADY se utiliza, en oraciones afirmativas, para expresar una acción ya acabada, o acabada antes de lo previsto.
Sujeto + Have/Has + Already + Participio pasado.
He has already finished his work!

6. YET se utiliza para sustituir a "already" en las oraciones interrogativas.
Sujeto + Haven't/Hasn't + Participio pasado + Yet
YET en las oraciones negativas tiene un significado similar a "still", pero no es enfático.
Have/Has + Sujeto + Participio pasado + Yet?
Ejemplos: Have they phoned yet? ?No, I'm afraid that they haven't phoned yet.

2. Past Perfect

Indica una acción pasada que terminó antes que otra, también pasada. Equivale al Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto o al Pretérito Anterior del castellano.
(+) Sujeto + Had + Participio pasado.
(?) Sujeto + Hadn't + Participio pasado.
(?) Had + Sujeto + Participio pasado?

3. Future Perfect

Se refiere a una acción que habrá finalizado en un determinado momento en el futuro.
(+) Sujeto + Shall/Will/'ll + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Sujeto + Shan't/Won't + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Shall/Will + Sujeto + Have + Participio pasado?

4. Conditional Perfect

Se refiere a una acción que podría haber ocurrido en el pasado, pero que no ocurrió.
(+) Sujeto + Should/Would/'d + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Sujeto + Shouldn't/Wouldn't + Have + Participio pasado.
(?) Should/Would + Sujeto + Have + Participio pasado?

CONJUGACIÓN DE UN VERBO REGULAR

TO WORK

Present Simple
I work - I don't work - Do I work?
You work - You don't work - Do you work?
He works - He doesn't work - Does he work?
(las personas del plural tienen la misma forma que la segunda del singular)

Simple Past
I worked - I didn't work - Did I work?
You worked - You didn't work - Did you work?
He worked - He didn't work - Did he work?

Simple Future
I shall work (I'll work) - I shan't work - Shall I work?
You will work (You 'll work) - You won't work - Will you work?
He will work (He'll work) - He won't work - Will he work?

Conditional Simple
I should work (I'd work) - I shouldn't work - Should I work?
You would work (You'd work) - You wouldn't work - Would you work?
He would work (He'd work) - He wouldn't work - Would he work?

Present Continuous
I am working - I'm not working - Am I working?
You are working - You aren't working - Are you working?
He is working - He isn't working - Is he working?

Past Continuous

I was working - I wasn't working - Was I working?
You were working - You weren't working - Were you working?
He was working - He wasn't working - Was he working?

Future Continuous
I'll be working - I shan't be working - Shall I be working?
You'll be working - You won't be working - Will you be working?
He'll be working - He won't be working - Will he be working?

Conditional Continuous
I'd be working - I shouldn't be working - Should I be working?
You'd be working - You wouldn't be working - Would you be working?
He'd be working - He wouldn't working - Would he be working?

Present Perfect
I've worked - I haven't worked - Have I worked?
You've worked - You haven't worked - Have you worked?
He's worked - He hasn't worked - Has he worked?

Past Perfect
I had worked - I hadn't worked - Had I worked?
You had worked - You hadn't worked - Had you worked?
He had worked - He hadn't worked - Had he worked?

Future Perfect
I'll have worked - I shan't have worked - Shall I have worked?
You'll have worked - You won't have worked - Will you have worked?
He'll have worked - He won't have worked - Will he have worked?

Conditional Perfect
I'd have worked - I shouldn't have worked - Should I have worked?
You'd have worked - You wouldn't have worked - Would you have worked?
He'd have worked - He wouldn't have worked - Would he have worked?

AUXILIARES "SOLOS"

1. Short answers:
Son respuestas cortas a una pregunta y equivalen al castellano «Sí» o «No».
YES, S + Aux / NO, S + AuxN'T (El sujeto es siempre un pronombre)
Do you like swimming? ?Yes, I do.
Can you speak french? ?No, I can't
• A un imperativo se responde con «I WILL» o «I WON'T»
Give my regards to John. ?I will.
Don't tell anyone! ?I won't.

2. Reply questions:
Se utilizan para mostrar interés o sorpresa por lo que se ha dicho.
Aux + S? / AuxN'T + S? (El sujeto es siempre un pronombre)
?Joe: Look, it's snowing!
?Peter: Is it?
-----
?Pat: I don't like football at all!
?Mary: Oh, don't you?

3. Tag questions:
Son coletillas interrogativas al final de una frase
y equivalen al castellano «…,¿no?» «…,¿verdad?»
------------ V ------------- , Aux + S? (El sujeto es siempre un pronombre).
+ ? (El auxiliar negativo siempre va contraído).
? +

You can drive, can't you?
Joe will come with us, won't he?
Mary doesn't like fish, does she?
Michael hasn't got a car, has he?

4. Agreeing («Yo también», «Yo tampoco»)
(+) SO + Aux + S
(?) NEITHER / NOR + Aux + S (En estos casos, el sujeto puede ser un nombre).
We go shopping twice a week. ?So do I.
They phoned yesterday. ?So did my girlfriend.
I can't sing very well. ?Neither can we.

5. Disagreeing ("Pues yo sí", "Pues yo no")
(+) S + Aux!
(-) S + AuxN'T!
I won't go. ?I will!
I like football. ?I don't!


PASIVAS

Las oraciones pasivas, como en castellano, se utilizan para recalcar el objeto del verbo, bien por no ser importante el sujeto o por ser desconocido.

¿Cómo transformar una oración activa en pasiva? Hay dos formas:
• la "pasiva directa":
Activa: Sujeto + Verbo activo + O.D. + TO + O.I.
---->>
Pasiva: Sujeto + Verbo pasivo + TO + O.I. [+ by + Complemento agente]

El sujeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el complemento agente de la pasiva, el cual se suprime cuando se trate de un pronombre y siempre que se sobreentienda.
El objeto directo de la activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
El verbo activo pasa a forma pasiva, colocando el verbo BE en el tiempo en que estaba el verbo de la oración activa seguido por su participio.
El objeto indirecto (precedido por TO), no varía.

The postman brought your letter to me yesterday.
--> Your letter was brought to me [by the postman] yesterday.
Suprimimos el complemento agente por sobreentenderse o por no tener importancia.

• Y la "pasiva indirecta":

Activa: Sujeto + Verbo activo + O.I. + O.D.
---->>
Pasiva: Sujeto + Verbo pasivo + O.D. (+ by + Complemento agente).

Esta es la forma más común en inglés, aunque nos resulte extraña, porque en castellano no existen las oraciones pasivas con objeto directo.
El sujeto y el verbo sufren los mismos cambios que en el caso anterior.
El objeto indirecto de la activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
El objeto directo no varía.

The postman brought me your letter yesterday.
--> I was brought your letter [by the postman] yesterday.

CONDICIONALES

Tipo 1: Probable
Indica que la condición es muy probable que se cumpla.
IF + Simple Present , .............. Simple Future.
If you don't shup up, I'll kill you.

Tipo 2: Hypothetical
Establece una hipótesis; es la puramente condicional.
IF + Simple Past , ..................... Simple Conditional.
If you were here, I would give you a kiss.

Tipo 3: Impossible
Indica que la condición no se cumplió en el pasado, por lo tanto propone una acción imposible.
IF + Past Perfect , .................... Perfect Conditional.
If I had known that, I would have told you.

Tipo 4: Otros casos
Hay muchas variantes, pero estas son las más comunes:

IF + Simple Present , .............. Simple Present.
If you heat ice, it turns into water.

IF + Simple Present , .............. Imperative.
If you go out, fetch me the paper.

IF + Past Perfect , ................... Simple Conditional.
If I had found it, I would give it to you.

Notas:
1. IF y WHETHER no se pueden utilizar indistintamente; WHETHER introduce condiciones contrapuestas o que se excluyen mutuamente.
I'll tell you, whether you want or not.

2. Una oración negativa con IF se puede transformar en una afirmativa, poniendo UNLESS. (IF+ not=UNLESS).
If you don't study harder, you won't pass ??> Unless you study harder, you won't pass.

3. Las construcciones I WISH y IF ONLY (+ S + Simple Past / Past Perfect) tienen su mejor equivalente en el castellano "ojalá" (o en el aragonés "sisquiera").
I wish you were here!
If only they came in time!
I wish she hadn't seen you.

OBLIGATION AND ADVICE

1. Obligation
Para indicar una obligación podemos utilizar dos verbos.
Must (Mustn't) + Infinitivo [= Deber]
(Es una obligación "moral" que se asume por el propio sujeto)
I must stop at the traffic lights.
Have to (Don't have to/Haven't got to) + Infinitivo [= Tener que]
(Implica una imposición externa)
You have to make these exercises before leaving.

2. Advice
Para dar consejos se pueden utilizar varias estructuras gramaticales:
Sujeto + Should (Shouldn't) + Infinitivo
Sujeto + Ought to (Oughtn't)+ Infinitivo
Sujeto + Had better (not) + Infinitivo (Se utiliza sólamente para referirse a momentos concretos y generalmente en el presente).
Everybody should / ought to be more careful with the environment.
There are few of them…: you'd better buy it now.

3. Absence of obligation
Para indicar que no hace falta hacer algo ("no cal", en aragonés) se utiliza la siguiente estructura:
Sujeto + Needn't + Infinitivo
You needn't make your reservations: I'll do it for you.

PREFIJOS

•Prefijos que se añaden a adjetivos para formar otros adjetivos.
1. IN-: independent, incredible...
a) im- (delante de p y m): imposible, immoral
b) ir- (delante de r): irregular, irracional...
c) il- (delante de l): illegal, illogical...
2. DIS-: dishonest, disagreable...
3. UN-: unhappy, unlikely...

•Prefijos que se añaden a verbos para formar otros verbos.
1. UN-: undo, uncover...
2. DIS-: disapprove, dislike...
3. DE-: decode, defrost...
4. MIS-: mislead, misunderstand...
5. MAL-: maltreat, malfunction...
6. OVER-: overdo, overcook...
7. UNDER-: underpay, undercharge...
8. FORE-: forego, foretell...
9. EN-: enrich, encourage…
a) em- (delante de p y b): empower, embitter…

SUFIJOS

•Sufijos que se añaden a verbos y nombres para indicar quién realiza la acción.
1. -ER: writer, runner...
a) -or: actor, director...
b) -ar: beggar, liar...
2. -ANT: informant, applicant...
3. -IST: artist, typist...
4. -EE (el que recibe la acción): employee,refugee
5. -EER: mountaineer, engineer...

•Sufijos que se añaden a un verbo o adjetivos para formar un nombre.
1. -TION: attention, description...
2. -ATION: justification, information…
3. -ING: saving, mailing...
4. -AL: arrival, disposal...
5. -ITY: similarity, curiosity…
6. -ACY: accuracy, privacy…

•Sufijos que se añaden a un nombre para formar un adjetivo.
1. -FUL: beautiful, useful...
2. -LESS: careless, breathless...
3. -Y: hairy, crunchy...
4. -LY: friendly, brotherly...
5. -ISH: reddish, girlish...
6. -LIKE: childlike, lifelike…

•Sufijos que se añaden a adjetivos para hacer nombres abstractos.
1. -NESS: friendliness, usefulness...
2. -HOOD: neigbourhood, childhood...
3. -SHIP: friendship, township...
4. -DOM: kingdom, freedom...

•Sufijos que se añaden a nombres o verbos para formar adjetivos.
1. -OUS: dangerous, famous...
a) -ious: ambitious, furious…

ADJETIVOS VERBALES
1. -ED (participio de pasado como adjetivo verbal; sufre la acción del verbo): bored, tired...
2. -ING (participio de presente como adjetivo verbal; causa la acción del verbo): boring, tiring, loving…

ORACIONES DE RELATIVO

Como en castellano, hay dos tipos básicos: especificativas (defining) y explicativas (non-defining)

1. Non-defining
Son oraciones que nos dan más datos sobre un nombre, pero que se pueden eliminar sin que la oración pierda sentido. En castellano van entre comas; en inglés, no siempre.

-

Sujeto

Objeto

Compl. del Nombre

Persona

who

who(m)

whose

Cosa

which

which

of which [whose]

This is Mr. Jones, whose son writes comic poetry.


2. Defining
Son oraciones que no se pueden eliminar sin que la oración principal pierda su sentido, por no poder determinar claramente el nombre al que complementan.

-

Sujeto

Objeto

Compl. del Nombre

Persona

[who]
THAT

[who/ whom]
THAT
Ø

whose

Cosa

[which]
THAT

[which]
THAT
Ø

of which [whose]

Where's the girl that sells the tickets?
He is a man [Ø] people like at first sight.

Notas
1. El relativo se puede omitir sólo en las oraciones 'defining' y siempre que cumpla la función de objeto de su oración (el sujeto no puede omitirse nunca).
2. 'Whom' debe utilizarse siempre que vaya detrás de una preposición; en los demás casos (excepto en inglés formal) suele utilizarse 'who'.

BE LIKELY TO + INF

Esta expresión, siempre seguida de infinitivo, indica que lo más probable es que la acción se lleve acabo.
The library is likely to be closed now.
La mejor forma de traducirlo es como impersonal:
" Es probable que…" y colocar el sujeto de BE LIKELY como sujeto del verbo en infinitivo: "…la biblioteca esté cerrada ahora."

ANTICIPATORY IT

Cuando el sujeto (u objeto) de una oración es una subordinada, colocamos un 'it' como sujeto (u objeto) y dejamos la subordinada al final de la oración.
It worried me a bit [that she didn't phone]. (subject)
We find it very difficult [to understand this lesson]. (object)

HABITUAL ACTIONS

Para indicar una acción que se repite reiteradamente a lo largo de un espacio de tiempo, podemos utilizar varias estructuras.

•Sujeto + USUALLY + Present simple (Si la acción se "suele" hacer en el presente).
I usually have breakfast at 8 o'clock.

•Sujeto + USED TO + Infinitivo (indica que la acción "solía" hacerse en el pasado y ya no se hace).
When I was a child I used to go to church with my parents.

•Sujeto + WOULD + Infinitivo (también referido al pasado; equivalente a 'used to').
As a student, I would study seven hours every day.

EQUIVALENCIAS DEL «SE» CASTELLANO

1. Pronombre reflexivo: cuando la acción recae sobre el mismo sujeto (de tercera persona =himself, herself, itself, themselves)
He's shaving himself.

2. Uso léxico: parte de un verbo pronominal en castellano, que no se traduce en inglés.
She went away without a word.
Finally, they repented.

3. Pronombre recíproco: la acción repercute sobre los dos sujetos (=each other) o más de dos (=one another):
They love each other.
They were hitting one another in a mess.

4. Objeto indirecto de 3ª persona (=to him, to her, to it, to them), en combinación con un objeto directo también de 3ª persona [es el "se lo, se los" del castellano o el "le'n, les ne" del aragonés]:
We gave it to him.
Mary introduced her to them.

5. Pasiva refleja: no existe en inglés; se traducirá por una pasiva normal.
A lot of books have been sold. (=Se han vendido un montón de libros)

6. Impersonal: expresiones del tipo «Se dice que…» «Se puede hacer fácilmente» «Allí se vive muy bien…»; habrá que sustituirlas por otras expresiones impersonales inglesas equivalentes: «It is said that…» «You/anyone can do it easily» «People there live very well/Life is very nice there»

7. Traducción por un posesivo: en castellano se emplea un «SE de interés» cuando en inglés se utiliza un adjetivo posesivo con partes del cuerpo, prendas de vestir, etc
He broke his leg.
She ripped her skirt

REPORTED SPEECH (Estilo Indirecto)

Hay dos formas de repetir lo dicho por otra persona: el estilo directo, que repite literalmente las palabras (generalmente, poniendo dos puntos —:— o una coma —,— y lo que dijo la persona "entre comillas"), y el estilo indirecto, mediante una oración subordinada con "que" y efectuando luego algunos cambios.
Básicamente los cambios (shift back) se producen cuando el 'reporting verb' está en pasado.

1. Cambios en las oraciones enunciativas (Statements):

• Cambios en los tiempos verbales:
Simple present ............... Simple past
Simple past ...................... Past perfect
Past perfect .................... Past perfect
Present continuous ......... Past continuous
Past continuous .............. Past perfect continuous
Future ............................. Conditional simple
Conditional simple ......... Conditional perfect
Will ............. Would
Shall ........... Should
Can ........... Could
May ........... Might
Must ........... Had to

• Cambios en los pronombres:
I ............ He/She
My ........ His/Her
We ....... They
You ....... He/She/We/Us/I/They
Your ...... His/Her/Their

• Cambios en otras palabras y expresiones referenciales (lugar o tiempo):
today ....................... that day
yesterday ................. the day before / the last day / the previous day
tomorrow ................. the next day / the following day / the day after
last week ................. the week before / the previous week / the last week
next week ................ the following week / the next week
a month ago ............ a month before
here ........... there / that place (or a specified place)
now ............ then / in that moment
this .............. that
these ...........those

2. Cambios en las órdenes (Commands)

En lugar del verbo 'said', colocamos 'ordered' o 'told', seguido de:
(object) to + infinitivo.
He said to me, "Buy bread" ............. He ordered me to buy bread.
He ordered us: "Don't disturb me!"…………He ordered us not to disturb him.

3. Cambios en las preguntas (Questions)

a) Yes/No questions (interrogativas totales)
Sustituimos el verbo 'said' por 'asked' + IF
Ojo: la subordinada tiene el orden normal de las enunciativas:
S + V (y no el de las interrogativas, V + S?)
She said, "Can you do it?" ................ She asked me if I could do it.

b) Wh-questions (interrogativas parciales)
Sustituimos el verbo 'said' por el 'asked' y cambiamos el orden de pregunta por el de enunciado:
He said, "Where will we go tonight?" ...... He asked where we would go tonight.

CONNECTORS AND MODIFIERS

1. Indicar o estar de acuerdo con hechos:
in fact (= actually, really)
in effect
of course (= naturally)

2. Exponer causas y resultados:
therefore
in this way
for this reason
on this basis
as a result

3. Construir un argumento:
in the first place
first of all
secondly
what's more

4. Expresar una opinión o punto de vista:
in my opinion
in my view
personally

5. Dar ejemplos:
for example
for instance

6. Incisos:
you know
you see
let me see
I mean

7. Modificar lo anteriormente dicho:
however (= still)
nevertheless (= all the same, even so)
yet
it's true

8. Modificar lo que estás diciendo:
up to a point
more or less
at least
especially
above all
even worse
in general
on the whole

9.Expresar duda o certeza:
surely.......?
really?
no doubt

10. Sugerir que eres sincero:
frankly
honestly
to be honest
to tell the truth

11. Sacar conclusiones:
anyway
in any case
as it is
after all

12. Algunas expresiones temporales usuales:
at first
in the end
finally
in the meantime (= meanwhile)
now and then

13. Miscelánea:
and so on
really
by the way
that reminds me

VERBOS IRREGULARES

Infinitive

Past

Participle

Meaning

ARISE
AWAKE
BE
BEAR
BEAT
BECOME
BEGIN
BEHOLD
BEND
BESET
BET
BID
BIND
BITE
BLEED
BLOW
BREAK
BREED
BRING
BUILD
BURN
BURST
BUY
CAST
CATCH
CHOOSE
CLING
COME
COST
CREEP
CUT
DEAL
DIG
DO
DRAW
DREAM
DRINK
DRIVE
DWELL
EAT
FALL
FEED
FEEL
FIGHT
FIND
FLEE
FLING
FLY
FORBID
FORECAST
FOREGO
FORESEE
FORETELL
FORGET
FORGIVE
FORSAKE
FREEZE
GET
GIVE
GO
GRIND
GROW
HANG
HAVE
HEAR
HIDE
HIT
HOLD
HURT
KEEP
KNOW
LAY
LEAD
LEAN
LEAP
LEARN
LEAVE
LEND
LET
LIE
LIGHT
LOSE
MAKE
MEAN
MEET
PAY
PUT
QUIT
READ
RID
RIDE
RING
RISE
RUN
SAW
SAY
SEE
SEEK
SELL
SEND
SET
SHAKE
SHEAR
SHED
SHINE
SHOOT
SHOW
SHRINK
SHUT
SING
SINK
SIT
SLAY
SLEEP
SLIDE
SLING
SLIT
SMELL
SOW
SPEAK
SPEED
SPELL
SPEND
SPILL
SPIN
SPIT
SPLIT
SPOIL
SPREAD
SPRING
STAND
STEAL
STICK
STING
STINK
STRIDE
STRIKE
STRIVE
SWEAR
SWEEP
SWELL
SWIM
TAKE
TEACH
TEAR
TELL
THINK
THROW
THRUST
TREAD
WAKE
WAYLAY
WEAR
WEAVE
WEEP
WIN
WIND
WITHDRAW
WITHHOLD
WITHSTAND
WRING
WRITE

AROSE
AWOKE
WAS/WERE
BORE
BEAT
BECAME
BEGAN
BEHELD
BENT
BESET
BET
BADE
BOUND
BIT
BLED
BLEW
BROKE
BRED
BROUGHT
BUILT
BURNT
BURST
BOUGHT
CAST
CAUGHT
CHOSE
CLUNG
CAME
COST
CREPT
CUT
DEALT
DUG
DID
DREW
DREAMT
DRANK
DROVE
DWELT
ATE
FELL
FED
FELT
FOUGHT
FOUND
FLED
FLUNG
FLEW
FORBADE
FORECAST
FOREWENT
FORESAW
FORETOLD
FORGOT
FORGAVE
FORSOOK
FROZE
GOT
GAVE
WENT
GROUND
GREW
HUNG
HAD
HEARD
HID
HIT
HELD
HURT
KEPT
KNEW
LAID
LED
LEANT
LEAPT
LEARNT
LEFT
LENT
LET
LAY
LIT
LOST
MADE
MEANT
MET
PAID
PUT
QUIT
READ
RID
RODE
RANG
ROSE
RAN
SAWED
SAID
SAW
SOUGHT
SOLD
SENT
SET
SHOOK
SHEARED
SHED
SHONE
SHOT
SHOWED
SHRANK
SHUT
SANG
SANK
SAT
SLEW
SLEPT
SLID
SLUNG
SLIT
SMELT
SOWED
SPOKE
SPED
SPELT
SPENT
SPILT
SPUN
SPAT
SPLIT
SPOILT
SPREAD
SPRANG
STOOD
STOLE
STUCK
STUNG
STANK
STRODE
STRUCK
STROVE
SWORE
SWEPT
SWELLED
SWAM
TOOK
TAUGHT
TORE
TOLD
THOUGHT
THREW
THRUST
TROD
WOKE
WAYLAID
WORE
WOVE
WEPT
WON
WOUND
WITHDREW
WITHHELD
WITHSTOOD
WRUNG
WROTE

ARISEN
AWAKED
BEEN
BORN(E)
BEATEN
BECOME
BEGUN
BEHELD
BENT
BESET
BET
BIDDEN
BOUND
BITTEN
BLED
BLOWN
BROKEN
BRED
BROUGHT
BUILT
BURNT
BURST
BOUGHT
CAST
CAUGHT
CHOSEN
CLUNG
COME
COST
CREPT
CUT
DEALT
DUG
DONE
DRAWN
DREAMT
DRUNK
DRIVEN
DWELT
EATEN
FALLEN
FED
FELT
FOUGHT
FOUND
FLED
FLUNG
FLOWN
FORBIDDEN
FORECAST
FOREGONE
FORESEEN
FORETOLD
FORGOTTEN
FORGIVEN
FORSAKEN
FROZEN
GOT(TEN)
GIVEN
GONE
GROUND
GROWN
HUNG
HAD
HEARD
HIDDEN
HIT
HELD
HURT
KEPT
KNOWN
LAID
LED
LEANT
LEAPT
LEARNT
LEFT
LENT
LET
LAIN
LIT
LOST
MADE
MEANT
MET
PAID
PUT
QUIT
READ
RID
RIDDEN
RUNG
RISEN
RUN
SAWN
SAID
SEEN
SOUGHT
SOLD
SENT
SET
SHAKEN
SHORN
SHED
SHONE
SHOT
SHOWN
SHRUNK
SHUT
SUNG
SUNK
SAT
SLAIN
SLEPT
SLID
SLUNG
SLIT
SMELT
SOWN
SPOKEN
SPED
SPELT
SPENT
SPILT
SPUN
SPAT
SPLIT
SPOILT
SPREAD
SPRUNG
STOOD
STOLEN
STUCK
STUNG
STUNK
STRIDDEN
STRUCK
STRIVEN
SWORN
SWEPT
SWOLLEN
SWUM
TAKEN
TAUGHT
TORN
TOLD
THOUGHT
THROWN
THRUST
TRODDEN
WOKEN
WAYLAID
WORN
WOVEN
WEPT
WON
WOUND
WITHDRAWN
WITHHELD
WITHSTOOD
WRUNG
WRITTEN

ELEVARSE
DESPERTARSE
SER, ESTAR…
LLEVAR
GOLPEAR
LLEGAR A SER
EMPEZAR
CONTEMPLAR
DOBLAR
ACOSAR
APOSTAR
ORDENAR
ATAR
MORDER
SANGRAR
SOPLAR
ROMPER
CRIAR
TRAER
CONSTRUIR
QUEMAR
REVENTAR
COMPRAR
LANZAR
COGER
ELEGIR
AGARRARSE
VENIR
COSTAR
ARRASTRARSE
CORTAR
TRATAR
CAVAR
HACER…
ESTIRAR
SOÑAR
BEBER
CONDUCIR
MORAR
COMER
CAER
ALIMENTAR
SENTIR
LUCHAR
ENCONTRAR
HUIR
ARROJAR
VOLAR
PROHIBIR
PRONOSTICAR
RENUNCIAR
PREVER
PREDECIR
OLVIDAR
PERDONAR
ABANDONAR
HELAR
OBTENER…
DAR
IR
MOLER
CRECER
COLGAR
HABER, TENER
OIR
ESCONDER
PEGAR
SOSTENER
HERIR
MANTENER
SABER…
PONER HORIZONTAL
DIRIGIR
APOYAR(SE)
SALTAR
APRENDER
DEJAR, IRSE
PRESTAR
PERMITIR
ESTAR HORIZONTAL
ENCENDER
PERDER
HACER
SIGNIFICAR
REUNIRSE…
PAGAR
PONER
ABANDONAR
LEER
LIBRARSE DE
MONTAR
LLAMAR
LEVANTARSE
CORRER
SERRAR
DECIR
VER
BUSCAR
VENDER
ENVIAR
COLOCAR
SACUDIR
ESQUILAR
DEJAR CAER
BRILLAR
DISPARAR
MOSTRAR
ENCOGER
CERRAR
CANTAR
HUNDIR
SENTAR
MASACRAR
DORMIR
DESLIZAR
TIRAR
RAJAR
OLER
SEMBRAR
HABLAR
ACELERAR
DELETREAR
GASTAR
DERRAMAR
GIRAR
ESCUPIR
DIVIDIR
ESTROPEAR
EXTENDER
BROTAR
ESTAR VERTICAL
ROBAR
ADHERIR(SE)
PICAR
APESTAR
DAR ZANCADAS
GOLPEAR
ESFORZARSE
JURAR
BARRER
HINCHAR
NADAR
TOMAR
ENSEÑAR
RASGAR
DECIR, CONTAR
PENSAR
LANZAR
EMPUJAR
PISAR
DESPERTAR
ACECHAR
LLEVAR, USAR
TEJER
LLORAR
GANAR
ENROLLAR
RETIRAR(SE)
APLAZAR
RESISTIR
TORCER
ESCRIBIR

FALSE FRIENDS

English

Castellano

Error Castellano

English real

Actually
Abuse
Actual
Airy
Anticipation
Ally
Amply
Apparition
Arena
Ability
Adorn
Balloon
Billet
Bland
Brace
Bone
Bale
Bare
Burly
Bully
Blind
Bomber
Brag
Carpet
Calve
Cart
Compromise
Conference
Conjure
Code
Cole
Come
Compositor
Care
Disgust
Dote
Deception
Design
Date
Defender
Devoluc
Dude
Eventually
Edit
Echo
Educated
Embarkation
Embargo
Emergent
Elaborate
Editor
Educate
Elect
Fable
Fagot
Faro
Fastidious
Fiery
Floor
Fond
Fracas
Fraise
Fume
Fund
Gala
Game
Gate
Gentle
Grab
Grass
Grate
Guise
Grape
Hum
Hull
Horn
Hip
Hermit
Habit
In front of
Idioms
Ignore
Infant
Informal
Injure
Inspect
Insole
Introduce
Invidious
Itinerant
Justiciary
Juror
Junto
Jug
Joust
Jardiniere
Jest
Jot
Kale
Karakul
Levant
Liar
Lime
Lob
Lobate
Lobule
Locality
Lone
Lute
Local
Library
Lecture
Mar
Mask
Massive
Mattery
Mayor
Mazo
Meandrous
Medic
Mercery
Milled
Momentous
Mover
Movie
Madeira
Male
Mane
Manse
Mantle
Miserable
Mark
Mire
Minor
Notice
Nominate
Nominee
Nobly
Nude
Notify
Never
Nutria
Official
Omit
Operative
Ornament
Obsequies
Obtave
Omber
Offence
Once
Ocurrente
Operate
Ordinary
Parent
Prevent
Pile
Phrase
Pale
Professor
Posse
Pager
Pane
Panties
Parade
Past
Penury
Pie
Pillar
Pinch
Pit
Plum
Politic
Pope
Populace
Quiet
Quit
Quite
Quince
Quote
Qualification
Quarto
Quiz
Quire
Quarry
Quid
Qualm
Realize
Red
Ram
Rape
Recipient
Recluse
Recollect
Reclamation
Recollection
Record
Regale
Remark
Rice
Spade
Simply
Sable
Sale
Salvage
Sensibly
Sauce
Scenery
Scholar
Scope
Secrete
Sensible
Tape
Tablet
Tart
Tenner
Tentative
Testimonial
Thicket
Tirade
Tire
Topic
Torment
Toss
Usually
Ultimate
United
Until
Urge
User
Usual
Un
Urinal
Ulterior
Us
Unlace
Various
Vacant
Vacuum
Valance
Venture
Vest
Vicarious
Victor
Vital
Viva
Vote
Vulgar
Zest
a

Incluso
Insultos
Verdadero
Bien ventilado
Esperanza
Aliado
Bastante
Fantasma
Estadio
Capacidad
Embellecer
Globo
Alojamiento
Suave
Refuerzo
Hueso
Paca
Desnudo
Membrudo
Matón
Cegar
Bombardero
Fanfarronada
Alfombra
Parir
Carro
Arreglo
Congreso
Hacer juegos de manos
Código
Colza
Venir
Cajista
Custodia
Repugnancia
Adorar
Engaño
Diseñar
Fecha
Defensor
Transmitir
Petimetre
Con el tiempo
Dirigir
Repetir
Culto
Embargue
Embargar
Recién desarrollado
Trabajo
Director
Enseñar
Elegir
Fábula
Atar en haces
Faraón
Delicado
Ardiente
Suelo
Cariñoso
Riña
Frisa
Humo
Fondo
Fiesta
Juego
Puerta
De buena familia
Coger
Hierba
Chimenea
Capa de
Uva
Zumbido
Cáscara
Cuerno
Cadera
Ermitaño
Costumbre
Delante de
Frase hecha
No hacer caso
Niño
Desenvuelto
Herir
Revisar
Plantilla
Presentar
Odioso
Ambulante
Justicial
Jurado
Camarilla
Jarro
Torneo
Jarrón
Broma
Tilde
Col rizada
Astracán
Marcharse
Mentiroso
Escalar
Lombriz para cebo
Lobulado
Lobulillo
Recordar lugares
Solitario
Laúd
De tu zona
Biblioteca
Debate
Estropear
Enmascarar
Macizo
Importante
Alcalde
Confusión
Sinuoso
Alfalfa
Sedería
Molinero
Trascendente
Promovedor
Película
Vino de madera
Macho
Crin
Rectoría
Manto
Triste
Nota
Vena
Sin importancia
Aviso
Proponer
Candidato
Con generosidad
Desnudo
Avisar
Nunca
Capa
Agente
Suprimir
En vigor
Adorno
Funeral
Obtava
Tresillo
Delito
Una vez
Suceso
Manejar
Corriente
Padres
Impedir
Montón
Sintagma
Pálido
Catedrático
Pelotón
Localización
Cristal
Calzoncillos
Desfile
Por delante de
Miseria
Tarta
Columna
Pellizco
Hoyo
Ciruela
Prudente
Papa
Pueblo
Reservado
Dejar
Totalmente
Membrillo
Citar
Título
Tamaño
Concurso
Mano
Presa
Libra
Escrúpulo
Darse cuenta de
Rojo
Carnero
Colza
Destinatario
Solitario
Recordar
Recuperación
Recuerdo
Registro
Entretener
Comentario
Arroz
Pala
Sencillamente
Cebellina
Venta
Salvamento
Con cordura
Salsa
Paisaje
Sabio
Libertad
Secretar
Sensato
Cinta
Pastilla
Ácido
De diez (libras)
Indeciso
Recomendación
Matorral
Diatriba
Causar
Tema
Tormento
Sacudida
Normalmente
Último
Unido
Hasta
Impulso
Usuario
Acostumbrado
In
Urinario
Ulteriores
Nos
Desenlazar
Diversos
Libre
Vacío
Cenefa
Aventura
Camiseta
Indirecto
Vencedor
Imprescindible
Examen
Votación
Ordinario
Ánimo

Actualmente
Abuso
Actual
Aire
Anticipación
Allí
Amplio
Aparición
Arena
Habilidad
Adornar
Balón
Billete
Blando
Brazo
Bono
Bala
Bara
Burla
Bulla
Blindar
Bomba
Braga
Carpeta
Calvo
Carta
Compromiso
Conferencia
Conjuro
Codo
Cola
Coma
Compositor
Caro
Disgusto
Dote
Decepción
Designar
Dato
Defender
Devolver
Duda
Eventual
Editar
Echar
Educar
Embarcación
Embargo
Emergente
Elaborar
Editor
Educado
Elector
Fabla
Fagot
Faro
Fastidio
Fiera
Flor
Fonda
Fracaso
Frase
Fumar
Funda
Gala
Gama
Gato
Gente
Grava
Grasa
Grato
Guiso
Grapa
Humo
Hulla
Horno
Hipo
Ermita
Habitar
Enfrente de
Idioma
Ignorar
Infanta
Informal
Injuria
Inspector
Insolente
Introducir
Envidioso
Itinerante
Justiciero
Jurar
Junto
Jugo
Justo
Jardinero
Gesto
Jota
Cala
Caracol
Levante
Liar
Lima
Lobo
Lobato
Lóbulo
Localidad
Lona
Luto
Local
Librería
Lectura
Mar
Mascar
Masivo
Materia
Mayor
Mazo
Meandro
Medico
Mercería
Millar
Momentos
Mover
Mover
Madera
Malo
Mano
Mango
Mantel
Miserable
Marca
Mirar
Menor
Noticia
Nominado
Nómina
Noble
Nudo
Notificación
Nevar
Nutria
Oficial
Omitir
Operativo
Ornamento
Obsequio
Octavo
Hombro
Ofensa
Once
Ocurrencia
Operar
Ordinario
Parientes
Prevenir
Pila
Frase
Pala
Profesor
Poseer
Pagar
Pan
Panties/medias
Parado
Pasto
Penuria
Pie
Pillar
Pinchar
Pito
Pluma
Político
Papa
Popular
Quieto
Quitar
Quite
Quince
Cuota
Calificación
Cuarto
Quizá
Quise
Guarro
Quid
Calma
Realizar
Red
Rama
Rape
Recipiente
Recluso
Recolector
Reclamación
Recolección
Recordar
Regalo
Remarcar
Rizo
Espada
Simplemente
Sable
Sala
Salvaje
Sensible
Sauce
Escenario
Escolar
Escopeta
Secreto
Sensible
Tapa
Tableta
Tarta
Tener
Tentativa
Testimonial
Ticket
Tirada
Tirar
Tópico
Tormenta
Tos
Usual
Ultimatum
Unidad
Util
Hurgar
Usar
Usual
Un
Orinal
Anterior
Uso
Enlace
Vario
Vacante
Vacuna
Balance
Ventura
Vestido
Vicario
Victoria
Vital
Viva
Bote
Vulgar
Cesta

Nowadays
Imposition
Present
Air
Advance
There
Spacious
Appearance
Sand
Cleverness
To decorate
Ball
Ticket
Soft
Arm
Voucher
Bullet
Gibe
Uproar
To armour
Pump
Panties
File
Bald
Letter
Obligation
Lecture
Exorcism
Elbow
Tail
Comma
Composer
Expensive
Annoyance
Dowry
Disappointment
To designate
Fact
To defend
To return
Doubt
Conditionally
To publish
To throw
To educate
Vessel
Seizure
Resultant
To make
Publishing
Polite
Voter
Literary imitation of old
Bassoon
Lighthouse
Annoyance
Fierce
Flower
Inn
Failure
Sentence
Smoke
Cover
Full dress
Scale
Cat
People
Broken stone
Grease
Pleasant
Cocked dish
Staple
Fume
Coal
Oven
Hiccups
Hermitage
To occupy
Opposite
Language
Not to known
Princess
Bad
Insult
Inspector
Insolent
To bring in
Envious
Travelling
Righteous
To swear
Joined
Juice
Fair
Gardener
Grimace
Iota
Cave
Snail
East coast
To tie [up]
File
Wolf
Wolf AB
Lobe
Location
Canvas
Mourning
Place
Book shop
Reading
Sea
To chew
Mass
Material
Main
Mallet
Meander
Doctor
Haberdashery
Thousand
Moments
To move
To move
Wood
Bad
Hand
Gentle
Tablecloth
Mean
Stamp
To look at
Smaller
New
Mentionate
List
Noble
Knot
Notification
To snow
Otter
Officer
To leave
Operation
Adornment
Present
Eighth
Shoulder
Attack
Eleven
Witticism
To produce
Usual
Relatives
To prepare
Battery
Sentence
Spade
Teacher
To own
To pay
Bread
Tights
Motionless
Grass
Shortage
Foot
Pillage
To prick
Whistle
Feather
Tactful
Stern
Popular
Still
To call up
Removal
Fifteen
Quota
Assessnrent
Quarter
Perhaps
To Want
Dirty
Gist
Calm
To achieve
Net
Branch
Anglerfish
Container
Imprisoned
Collector
Claim
Collection
To remember
Present
To notice
Curly
Sword
Merely
Sabre
Living
Wild
Feeling
Willow
Stage
Schoolgirl
Shotgun
Secret
Feeling
Lid
Block
Cake
To have
Attempt
Token
Ticket
Throw
To throw
Local
Storm
Cough
Customary
Ultimatum
Unit
Useful
To poke
Use
Customary
A
Chamberpot
Front
Use
Connection
Varied
Empty
Vaccine
Balance
Fortune
Dress
Curate
Victory
Life
Cheer
Can
Common
Basket

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Enviado por:Couñago
Idioma: castellano
País: España

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