W.W. QUESTIONS

PRESENT SIMPLE

+ Sub + v p·p1 + complement.

- Sub + don't / doesn't + v p·p1 + complement.

? Do / does + sub + v p·p1 + complement + ?

PAST SIMPLE

+ Sub + v p·p2 + complement.

- Sub + didn't + v p·p1 + complement.

? Did + sub + v p·p1 + complement + ?

PRESENT CONTINOUS

+ Sub + am / is / are + vb ing + complement.

- Sub + am not / isn't / aren't + vb ing + complement.

? To be am / is / are + sub + vb ing + complement + ?

PAST CONTINOUS

+ Sub + was / were + vb ing + complement.

- Sub + wasn't / weren't + vb ing + complement.

? Was / were + sub + vb ing + complement + ?

PRESENT PERFECT

+ Sub + have / has + v p·p3 + complement.

- Sub + haven't / hasn't + v p·p3 + complement.

? Have / has + sub + v p·p3 + complement + ?

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Dos homes varen robar un banc

Un banc va ésser robat (per dos homes).

1- Transitive VS intransitive

• I arrived late to the cinema

• Mary wrote a letter.

2- Verb to be (same tense main verb) + past participel p·p3 ( main verb)

Present simple

Break (am/ are) + broken am am not

Breaks (is) + broken is + PP isn't + PP

Are aren't

Send (am/ are/ is) + sent don't read aren't read

Isn't read

Past simple

Broke (was/ were) + broken was + PP + wasn't + PR

Sent ( was/ were) + sent were “ ” + weren't + “ “

3- Active object --> Passive subject

Active: Mary writes a letter

Passive: A letter is written

4- Agent: introduced BY

Active: Mary writes a letter

Passive: A letter is written by Mary

Active: I write letters

Pasive: Letters are written by me

Active: The postman delivered the letter

Passive: The letter was delivered ( by the postman) es evident no es posa

THE PASSIVE QUESTIONS

WH - WORD + AUX + SUB + VB P·P3 + C + ?

Active: When did Lisa paint the picture?

Passive: When was the picture painted by Lisa?

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1- interrogativa activa: When do they show the film?

2- afirmativa activa: They show the film when.

3- afirmativa passiva: The film is shown when.

4- interrogativa passiva: When is the film shown?

Verbs with two objects

Active: Peter sent Mary a letter.

Passive: Mary was sent a letter by Peter.

Active: He told me the secret

Passive: I was told the secret

Who wrote this book?

Who wrote this book.

This book was written by who.

W ho was this book written by?

1- Who bought that interesting book?

2- Who bought that interesting book.

3- That interesting book was bought by who.

4- Who was that interesting book bought by?

Who told him the secret?

Who told him the secret.

He was told the secret by who.

Who was he told the secret by?

MODAL VERBS

+ must, - can't ( musn't)

Possibilitat

May = might/ may not = might not

• Utilitzam may; might; must i can't per parlar sobre possiblitat o probabilitat que alguna cosa sigui certa.

• Your picture must be a copy.

• It can't be the original picture.

• Utilitzam may; might per parlar sobre alguna cosa que pot ésser possible però no amb seguretat.

• I may be late tomorrow.

• Jim might not understand the question.

• El significat de may i might es similar.

• I may be late = I might be late

• Podem utilitzar must i can't per parlar sobre coses que pensam que són certes.

• Your picture must be a copy.

• It can't be the original picture.

• Quan parlam sobre probabilitat utilitzam must per frases afirmatives i can't per frases negatives.

• The lights are on. They must be at home.

• The lights are off. They can't be at home.

• May; might; must i can't són verbs modals. Els verbs modals tots van seguits amb infinitu sense to.

• She must like you.

Can - can't present

Habilitat

Could - couldn't passat

Will be able to / won't be able to

• Utilitzem can i could per parlar sobre habilitats en el present i el passat.

• Could és el passat simple de can.

• Nosaltres utilitzem can i could + verb, sense to.

• I couldn't go out.

Have to / has to, don't h t / doesn't h t - absence of obligation

Obligació

Had to / didn't have to INF

• Nosaltres utilitzem fromes del have to i had to quan volem parlar sobre obligació en el present i en el passat.

• I had to go. ( M'obliguen a anar-hi).

• Nosaltres utilitzem la forma - negativa quan no hi ha una obligació per fer alguna cosa.

- I didn't have to go. (No és necessari).

FIRST CONDITONAL

• Nosaltres utilitzem el 1er condicional per parlar sobre accions i les seves probables conseqüències.

- If Dave comes, he will have a good time.

• A una de les clàusules nosaltres utilitzem if+ present simple. Aquesta clàusula descriu una acció.

- If I see Linda....

• A l'altra clàusula, nosaltres utilitzem will o won't + infinitiu. Aquesta clàusula descriu probables conseqüències de la acció.

- .... I will say “Hello”

• Nosaltres podem canviar l'ordre de les clàusules.

Cuan la cláusula if és la primera, hi ha una (,) coma entre les dues clausules.

• If I see Linda, I will say “Hello”.

• I will say “Hello” if I see Linda.

If - clause	MAIN - clause
Present Simple	Future will / won't + infinitive

WILL AND GOING TO

• Nosaltres utilitzem will i going to per parlar sobre el futur.

• Nosaltres utilitzem will per les prediccions.

- I think that she will be happy.

• Nosaltres utilitzem going to per plans i intencions.

- She is going to start a new job soon.

Will / Won't

+ Sub + will + v p·p 1 + c

- Sub + won't + v p·p 1 + c

? Will / won't + sub + v p·p 1 + c

Going to

+ Sub + to be + going to + v p·p 1 + c

- Sub + to be not + going to + v p·p 1 + c

? To be Aux + sub + going to + v p·p 1 + c

VOCABULARY

Verb	Noun ( person)	Noun ( thing)
entertain	entertainer	entertainment
compete	competitor	comptetion
invent	inventor	invention
compose	composer	composition
explore	explorer	exploration

ADDICTION	CONSTRAST
also: també	but: però
in addiction: a més a més	however: no obstant
both: ambdues	on the other hand: per altra banda

Adjectives describing art

colorful: coloretjat realistic: real fun: divertit

simple: simple modern:modern depressing: depressiu

beautifu: guapo expressive: expressiu shocking: xocant

sophisticated: sofisticat

Art: nouns

Mural: mural exhibition: exhibició

Abstract: abstracte sculpture: escultura

Gallery: galeria still life:

Nude: nuu landscape: paissatge

Portrait: retrat

World issues

Animal rights: drets dels animals

The environment: el medi ambient

War: la guerra

The developing world: el món subdesenvolupat

Immigration: la immigració

Genetic engineering: Enginyeria genètica

Terrorims: terrorisme

Disease: enfermetats

Causes

Collection box: recol·lecta

Charity: ONG

Poster: pòster

Placard: pancarta

Sticker: ferratina

Boycott: boicotejar

Petition: petició

Leaflet: follet

Demonstration: manifestació

Banner: pancarta

Goverment: Govern

What: que

When: quando

Where: donde

Why: porque

Who: quien

Whose: de qui

Which: cual

How long: quant temps

How much: quantitat incon

How many: quantitat con

How tall: altura persones

How far: distància

How old: quants anys

How high: altura montany

How often: frequència

I

You

He

She MAI ES POSA!

It

We

You

They

Someone

Somebody

people

Si es té “problemes” per passar la frase activa a passiva directament, podem recurrir a fer-la d'aquesta manera:

Indirect object --> passive subject

Quan dins la mateixa frase activa trobem CD i CI, el CI passa a ésser el subjecte de la frase passiva.

Si no sabem passar la frase interrogativa activa a interrogativa passiva directament, podem fer... Primer la posem amb afirmativa activa per després passar-la a passiva afirmativa, i ja posteriorment passar-la a passiva interrogativa.

Sempre que WHO faci la funció del subjecte de la oració, la passiva interrogativa acabarà amb by.

LOGICAL DEDUCTION