Inglés
Grammar Summary # Gramática
Grammar Summary
Elementary
Unit 1
Verb to be
Positive - s/v/c
|
I | am | from England. |
| He She It | is | |
| We You They | are |
Question - Qw/v/s/c/?
| Where | am | I | from? |
| is | he she it | ||
| are | we you they |
I'm 20 - I'm 20 years old.
Prepositions
| Where are you from? I live in a flat in Paris What's this in English? |
Possessive adjectives
| What's | my your his her its our your their | name? |
| This is | house. |
a/an
| It's a | ticket. dictionary. magazine. |
We use an before a vowel.
| It's an | apple. envelope. English dictionary. |
Unit 2
Verb to be
| Questions whit question words | Answers | ||||
| What | is her surname? is his job? is her address? | Lucas. He's a policeman. 34, Church Street. | |||
| Where | is she are you are they | from? | Portugal. | ||
| Who | is Jennifer? is she? | She's John's daughter. | |||
| How old | is he? are you? | Twenty-two. | |||
| How much | is a Coke? | Sixty pence. | |||
Yes/No questions v/s/c/?
| Is | he she it | hot? | Yes, he is. No, she isn't. Yes, it is. |
| Are | you they | married? | No, I'm not/No, we aren't. Yes, they are, |
Negative s/-v/c
| I | am | not | from the States. |
| He She It | is | ||
| We You They | are |
Prepositions
| I'm in London I'm in class 3 with eight other students Green Park is in the centre |
| I'm at home My parents are at work I'm at the International School of Languages |
| She isn't on holiday This is a photo of my family |
Plural nouns
| 1.- Most nouns add -s in the plural. book books student students 2.- If the noun ends in -s, -sh, or ch, add -es. bus buses church churches watch watches 3.- If the noun ends in a consonant +y, the y changes to -ies. country countries party parties But if the noun ends in a vowel +y, the y does not change. boy boys day days 4.- Some nouns era irregular. Dictionaries show this. child - children, woman - women, person - people, man - men |
Unit 3
Present Simple he, she, it
Positive - s/v/c
| He She It | lives | In the mountains. |
Negative - s/-v/c
| He She It | does not | live | In France. |
Question - Qw/ax.vb/s/v/c/?
| Where | does | he she it | live? |
Yes/No questions - ax.vb/s/v/c/?
| Does | he she it | live | In France? In the mountains? |
| I You We They | do | I You We They | have | |
| He She It | does | He She It | has |
| Does is an auxiliary verb in questions whit he, she, and it. Doesn't is in negative sentences. |
The position of subject and object pronouns
| Subject pronouns come before the verb. She works in a school They are Italian. Object pronouns come after the verb We like him How do you spell it? |
| We use pronouns and possessive adjectives to replace nouns. Anna drinks red wine because she likes it. John's son is a doctor and his daughter is a dentist. |
Prepositions
| She works in a girl's school He lives in a village in the mountains In winter he teaches skiing |
| On Tuesday I'm tired |
| He plays football with his sons in his free time She is married to an American A nurse looks after people in a hospital |
| He arrives at school at 8:45 He catches a train to London He drives from his village to Boulogne He goes to Boulogne by train |
No preposition
| He leaves __home at 8:00 He arrives __home at 9:30 |
Unit 4
Present Simple
Positive - s/v/c
| I You We They | start | at 6:30. |
| He She It | starts |
Negative - s/ax.vb/vb/c
| I You We They | don't | start | at 6:30 |
| He She It | doesn't |
Question - Qw/ax.vb/s/v/c/?
| When | do | I You We They | start? |
| does | He She It |
Yes/No questions - ax.vb/s/v/c/?
| Do | you they | have | a camera? |
| Does | he she it | like | Chinese food? |
Articles
| a= indefinite article 1.- She has a flat in London. Can I have a ham sandwich? 2.- She's a nurse. (jobs) |
| The = definite article 3.- The flat is very nice The ham sandwich is horrible! 4.- The Times: the Thames |
No article
| We do not use the definite article the when we talk about things Things in general __ Cats are my favourite pets Ann loves __ music Definite things The cats are in the garden The music is very loud |
| 5.- Things in general I have __ tea and toast for breakfast. __Books are expensive. I like taking __ photographs Do you like __ Chinese food? |
| 6.- Meals, places, transport I have __ breakfast/lunch/dinner I go/come __ home I go/come to school/university/work/bed I'm at __ work/on __ holiday I go/come by __ train/car/bus/taxi |
Prepositions
| I stay in bed until 11:00 She works for the BBC We listen to music | |
| On | Friday mornings/evenings Saturday |
| at | Weekends |
| in | the morning/evening (the) spring |
| We stay in a hotel | |
like/love + verb + ing
| When like and love are followed by a verb, it is usually verb + ing. I like swimming. She loves listening to music. They like sailing very much. |
| In the Present Simple positive we add s to the verb whit he, she and it, but not whit I, you, we and they. Whit I, you, we, and they, the negative is don't + infinitive. Whit he, she, and it, the negative is doesn't + infinitive. |
Adverbs of frequency
| Position of adverbs |
| 1.- These adverbs usually come before the main verb I usually go to bed at about 11:00 I don't often go swimming She never eats meat We always have wine in the evenings I sometimes play tennis on Saturdays 2.- Sometimes and usually can also come at the beginning or the end Sometimes we play cards We play cards sometimes Usually I walk to school I walk to school usually 3.- Never and always can't come at the beginning or the end |
Unit 5
There is/are
Positive
| There | is | a sofa. | (singular) |
| are | two books | (plural) |
Negative
| There | isn't | an | armchair | (singular) |
| aren't | any | flowers | (plural) |
Yes/No questions
| Is | there | a table? |
| Are | any photos? |
Some/any
Positive
| There are some flowers | Some + plural noun |
Negative
| There aren't any cups | Any + plural noun |
Question
| Are there any books? | Any + plural noun |
| This is a/an | Close/near by (singular) |
| That is a/an | Far away (singular) |
| These are some | Close/near by (plural) |
| Those are some | Far away (plural) |
Prepositions
| There is a photo on the television The bank is next to the supermarket The bus stop is near the park There is a post box in front of the chemist's The cinema is on the left, opposite the flower shop There are two pictures on the wall The lamp is behind the sofa |
| Your dictionary is like my dictionary She speaks to people during the meal Why don't we go out for a drink? They talk about the news She has coffee from Harrods |
Unit 6
Can/can't
| Can and can't have the same form in all persons. There is no do or does. Can is followed by the infinitive (without to) |
Could/couldn't
| Could is the past of can. Could and couldn't have the same form in all persons. Could is followed by the infinite (without to) |
Positive - s/mod/v
| I You He/She/It We They | can could | swim |
Negative - s/-mod/v
| I You He/She/It We They | can't couldn't | dance |
Question - Qw/mod-ax.vb/s/v/?
| What | can could | I you he/she/it we they | do? |
Yes/No questions
| Can Could | you she they etc. | drive? cook? |
Was/were
Was/were is the past of am/is/are
Positive
| I She/He/It | was | in Paris yesterday in England last year |
| We You They | were |
Negative
| I He/She/It | wasn't | at school yesterday at the party last night |
| We You They | weren't |
Question
| Where | was | i? he/she/it? |
| were | we? you? they? |
Yes/No questions
| Was | he she | at work? at home? |
| Were | you they etc. |
Was born
| Where | was | he she | born? |
| were | you they etc. |
I was born in Manchester in 1970
Prepositions
| They were in England in 1980 I was at a party We land in ten minutes He studies from 8:15 to 4:00 |
Unit 7
Past simple
The form of the Past Simple is the sample in all persons.
Positive
| I You He/She/It We They | went | to London in 1985 |
| moved |
Negative
We use didn't + infinitive (without) in all persons
| I You He/She/It We They | didn't | go | to London |
| move |
Question
We use did +infinitive (without to) in all persons.
| When | did | I you he/she/it we they | go? |
| Where |
Yes/No questions
| Did | you she they etc. | like | the film? |
| the family? |
Time expressions
| last | night Saturday week month year | yesterday | morning afternoon evening |
Prepositions
| I often think about you I have a shower before breakfast I am always in debt Write about when you were young The box is full of books |
Unit 8
Past Simple
Negative
Negative in the Past Simple are the same in all persons
| I You She We They etc. | didn't | go out | last night |
ago
| I went to the States | ten years two weeks a month | ago |
Somebody, anybody, somewhere,
anywhere, something, anything
Positive
| Somebody phoned you last night I'd like something to eat They have a house somewhere in the south of France |
Negative
| I didn't go anywhere last night I didn't have anything for lunch He doesn't know anybody in London |
Question
| Did you go anywhere aver the weekend? Did you meet anybody at the party? Is there anything to eat in the house? |
Time expressions
| in | The twentieth century 19924 winter/summer the evening/the morning September |
| on | 10 October Christmas Day Saturday Sunday evening |
| at | seven o'clock weekends |
Prepositions
| I phoned him at the end of the programme My birthday is on the tenth of October Can I ask a question about your country? She fell in love with his voice |
Unit 9
Would you like
Would is the same in all persons. We use would you like in offers and requests.
Positive
| I You He/She/It We They | 'd like | a drink |
'd = would
Yes/No questions
| Would | you he/she/it they | like a biscuit? |
Yes, please
No, thank you
Countable and uncountable nouns
Some nouns are countable
| a book - two books an egg - six eggs |
Some nouns are uncountable
| bread rice |
Some nouns are both!
| Do you like ice-cream? We'd like three ice-creams, please |
How much...? and How many....?
| We use How much...? with uncountable nouns How much rice would you like? |
| We use How many...? with countable nouns How many cigarettes do you smoke a day? |
some
We use some in positive sentences with
uncountable nouns and plural nouns
| There is | some | bread | on the table |
| There are | oranges |
We use some in questions when we ask
for things and offer things
| Can I have | some | coffee, please? |
| Would you like | grapes? |
any
We use any in questions and negative sentences
with uncountable nouns and plural nouns
| Is there | any | water? |
| Does she have | children? | |
| I can't see | rice | |
| There aren't | people |
Prepositions
| A bottle of aspirin A packet of cigarettes |
| They have cereal for breakfast Marmalade is made from oranges |
Unit 10
Comparative and superlative adjectives
| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | |
| One - syllable adjectives | old safe big hot | older safer bigger hotter | the oldest the safest the biggest* the hottest* |
| Adjectives ending in -y | noisy dirty | noisier dirtier | the noisiest the dirtiest |
| Adjectives with two or more syllables | boring beautiful | more boring more beautiful | the most boring the most beautiful |
| Irregular adjectives | good bad far | better worse farther | the best the worst the farthest |
*Adjectives, which end in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant
Examples
You're older than me.
New York is dirtier than Paris.
Prague is one of the mast beautiful cities in Europe.
Have got and have
Have got means the same as have to talk about possession, but the form is very different. We often use have got in spoken English.
Have got
Positive
| I You We They | have | got | a cat |
| He She It | has | a garden |
Negative
| I You We They | haven't | got | a dog |
| He She It | hasn't | a garage |
Questions
| Have | I you we they | got | any money? a sister? |
| Has | he she it | ||
| How many children have they got? | |||
| Short answers |
| Yes, I have./No, I haven't Yes, she has./No, she hasn't |
Have
Positive
| I You We They | have | a cat |
| He She It | has | a garden |
Negative
| I You We They | don't | have | a dog a garage |
| He She It | doesn't |
Questions
| Do | I you we they | have | any money? a sister? |
| Does | he she it | ||
| How many children do they have? | |||
| Short answers |
| Yes, I do./No, I don't Yes, she does./No she doesn't |
Prepositions
| The country is quieter than the city The house is 50 metres from the sea Everest is the highest mountain in the world |
Everybody, nobody, everywhere,
nowhere, everything, nothing
| These words are followed by a verb in the singular Everybody likes Kate Nobody wants more homework Everything is ready |
Relative pronouns
We use who/that, which/that, and where to join sentences
| I saw the girl. She works in the travel agent's I saw the girl who/that works in the travel agent's ! who/that = person/people This is the book. It has the information This is the book which/that has the information ! which/that = thing/things There's the house. John and Mary live in it There's the house where John and Mary live ! where = place/places |
Unit 11
Present Continuous
The Present Continuous describes an activity happening now
She's wearing jeans
I'm studying English
It also describes a activity in the near future
I'm playing tennis this afternoon
Jane's seeing her boyfriend tonight
Positive and Negative
| I | am | (not) | going | outside |
| He She It | is | |||
| We You They | are |
Question
| Where | am | I | going? |
| is | he/she/it | ||
| are | we you they |
Yes/No questions
| Are you having a good time? Is my English getting better? Are they having a party? | Yes, we are Yes, it is No, they aren't |
Present Simple and Present Continuous
The Present Simple describes things that are always true, or true for a long time
I come from Switzerland
He works in a bank
The Present Continuous describes activities happening now. And the temporary activities
Why are you wearing a suit? You usually wear jeans
Whose + possessive pronouns
| Whose is this book? Whose book is this? | It's | mine yours hers his ours theirs |
Prepositions
| I'm looking for a jacket |
| 'll = will. Will is an auxiliary verb I'll have it I'll leave it In these sentences, will expresses a decision |
Unit 12
Going to
Going to expresses a person's plans and intentions
She's going to be ballet dancer when she grows up
We're going to stay in a villa in France this summer
We also use going to when we can see now that something is sure to happen in the future
Careful! That glass is going to fall!
Positive an negative
| I | am | (not) | going to | have a break? stay at home? |
| He/She/It | is | |||
| We You They | are |
Question
| When | am | I | going to | have a brake? stay at home? |
| is | he/she/it | |||
| are | we you they |
With the verbs to go and to come, we usually use the Present Continuous for the future plans
We're going to Paris next week
Joe and Tim are coming for lunch tomorrow
Infinitive of purpose
The infinitive can express why a person does something
| I'm saving my money to buy a CD player We're going to Paris to have a holiday |
Prepositions
| I'm worried about the exam She's good at singing She climbs without ropes What's the weather like? What's on at the cinema? What's on TV tonight? There's a film on Channel 4 |
Unit 13
Questions forms
| When Where Who How What What Why | did Columbus discover America? are the Andes? did she marry? do you get to school? do you have for breakfast? happens at the end of the story? do you want to learn English? |
| How many How much How far What sort of Which newspaper | people are herein the class? does she earn? is it to the centre? car do you have? do you read? |
Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives describe nouns
| a big dog a careful driver |
Adverbs describe verbs
| She ran quickly He drives too fast |
To form regular adverbs, add -ly to the adjective
Words ending in -y change to -ily
| Adjective | Adverb |
| quick bad careful easy immediate | quickly badly carefully easily immediately |
Some adverbs are irregular
| good hard early fast | well hard early fast |
Prepositions
| What's the story about? What happens in the end? What do you think of Peter? I want to go round the world A girl with green eyes Are you interested in ballet? The train is on time The train leaves from platform 9 |
Unit 14
Present Perfect
Positive and negative
| I You We They | have | (not) | been | to the States |
| He She It | has |
Question
| Where | have | I you we they | been? |
| has | she he it |
Yes/No questions
| Have you been to Russia? |
Present Prefect and Past Simple
We use the Present Perfect to refer to an indefinite time in the past
He's travelled all over the world
They've just arrived home
We use the Past Simple to refer to a definite time in the past
| I left | last night yesterday in 1990 at three o'clock on Monday |
Present Perfect +yet and just
| I haven't done it yet (but I'm going to) I have just done it (a short time before now) |
Prepositions
| She works for a big company Hamlet is a play by Shakespeare She was bored with life She wrote about her life as a nurse Don't worry about me Can I speak to Jo, please? |
Unit 15
Verb patterns
There are different verb patterns when one verb follows another verb
Verb + infinitive
| I want We'd like We've decided I hope | to go to have to get to se | home a holiday married! you again soon |
Verb + ing
| He enjoys/loves/likes It's stopped/started | sailing raining |
Adjective + infinitive
| It was nice It's easy It's difficult | to meet to make to understand | you mistakes what he's saying |
Say and tell
| She He | said (that) | she enjoyed the party I was wrong |
| I She | told | them me | (that) | their English was good she wanted to go home |
Prepositions
| I want to talk to you about something Tell me about their friends I have a problem with people in the post office |
| Say and tell When you use say, you have to say the idea She said (that) they had a wonderful time When you use tell, you have to say the person that say it or the object pronoun She told Alice (that) it was awful |
Verb patterns
| We use the infinitive after many adjectives It was expensive to decorate the house It's easy to learn English We use the infinitive after some verbs He wants to learn Japanese I'd like to come We decided to go to Spain We use the -ing form after some verbs I enjoy learning English He has finished doing his homework I like swimming |
Verb patterns
| Verb + ing | |
| like love enjoy hate finish stop | swimming cooking |
| Verb + to + infinitive | |
| choose decide forget promise need help hope try want would like would love | to go to work |
| Note Have to for obligation is followed by the infinitive I have to go now. Goodbye | |
| Modal auxiliary verbs | |
| Cab Could Shall Will would | Go arrive |
Multi-word verbs
| Take something off remove a piece of clothing He came in and took off his coat In English, many verbs can add a preposition or adverb. Sometimes the meaning of the verb is literal, as in He took of his coat Take off leave the ground and start to fly The aeroplane took off an hour late Sometimes the meaning of the verb is idiomatic, as in The plane took off Break down (a) go wrong and stop working We are late because the car broke down Break down (b) start to cry He broke down when he heard that his horse was dead Go out with someone have someone as a boyfriend or girlfriend Paula is going out with Martin Get on with someone work or live in a friendly way with someone Are you getting on with your new neighbours? Get up stand up; get out of bed It's time to get up, children! Look after take care of someone or something A nurse looks after sick people in a hospital Give something up stop doing, using, or eating something I'm fat. I'm going to give up sugar and potatoes! Turn off stop something Turn off the light Turn on start something Turn on the television |
Shall and Let's
| Shall is an auxiliary verb. We use it to ask for suggestions What shall we do tonight? = What do we want to do tonight? Shall we go swimming? Let's go! makes a suggestion for everyone. It is like an imperative in the first person plural. Let's go! = I suggest that we go. (Let's = Let us) Let's have a pizza! Let's go home now. It's late |
Noun and adjectives suffixes
| We use suffixes to form different parts of speech Noun suffixes: -ness, -ence Adjective suffixes: -ful, -y, -ous, -al, -ly, -ic, -ent |
Adjectives that end in -ed and -ing
| Some adjectives can end in either -ed or -ing The book was interesting I was interested in the book The film was boring She was bored by the film |
Been or gone
| She's gone to Portugal = She's in Portugal now She's been to Portugal = She went to Portugal and now she has returned |
| Am/is /are + adjective describes people and things He is old/tall/hungry/tired Am/is/are + verb + ing describes activities happening now I'm learning English He's wearing a suit They're cooking She isn't smiling This is the Present Continuous tense and too can describe activities happening in the near future I'm playing tennis this afternoon We're having fish for dinner tonight |
| 'll = will. Will is an auxiliary verb I'll have it I'll leave it In these sentences, will expresses a decision |
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| Enviado por: | Axzel 1 |
| Idioma: | inglés |
| País: | España |
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