PRESENT SIMPLE

El presente simple tiene la misma forma que el infinitivo. Todas las personas son iguales, menos la tercera persona de singular, que añade una -s. Algunos verbos añaden -es: son los que acaban en s, ss, sh, ch, x,o.

Las formas negativas e interrogativas, utilizan el verbo auxiliar “To Do”, que no se traduce, pero debe ir siempre y además es el verbo que baria en la tercera persona del singular. En las oraciones negativas i en las oraciones interrogativas, el verbo principal no varia, solo varia en el verbo auxiliar.

Uso del present simple: Se usa para indicar una acción que se realiza de forma habitual, es decir, cada dia, de vez en cuando, a menudo, etc…

También sirve para construir preguntas y sirve para construir formas continuas:

Preguntas = Particula interrogativa + To Be + Sujeto + Etc?

Have

Can

What is your favorite food?

ø Can you speak English?

ø Have you got any money?

Uso de presente simple: Verbo “To speak”

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I speak You	I don't speak You	Do I speak…? you
He She speaks It	He She doesn't speak It	he Does she speak…? It
We You speak They	We You don't speak They	We Do you speak…? They

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

El presente continuo se refiere a las acciones que están sucediendo ahora, en el momento en que se haga.

Forma: El presente continuo se forma con el presente del verbo “To Be” + la terminación -ing.

Construcción de preguntas:

Partícula interrogativa + To Be + Sujeto + Verbo + -ing + Etc?

Uso del presente continuo: Verbo “To Be”.

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I `m talking You `re talking	I `m not talking You aren't talking	Am I talking…? Are you talking…?
He She `s talking It	He She isn't talking They	He Is she talking…? They
We You `re talking They	We You aren't talking They	We Are you talking…? They

PRESENT PERFECT

El present perfect se usa cuando una actividad empieza en el pasado y continúa en el presente, y cuando empieza en pasado y acaba en presente.

Forma: El present perfect se forma con has/have + 3ª columna.

Preguntas: has/ have + sujeto + 3ª columna + etc?

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I `ve arrived You	I haven't arrived You	Have I arrived…? You
He She `s arrived It	He She hasn't arrived It	He Has She arrived…? It
We You `ve arrived They	We She haven't arrived They	We Have You arrived…? They

Present perfect with yet and already:

Se utiliza yet al final de una pregunta y en las frases negativas.

Ejemplo: Has he phoned yet?

He hasn't phoned yet.

Se utiliza already cuando pasa algo que no nos esperamos.

Ejemplo: It's 8 o'clock and they've already arrived at school.

Present perfect with for and since:

Se usa for para los periodos de tiempo, cuando se habla sobre la duración de una acción.

Usamos since en los puntos de tiempo, cuando hablamos de cuando empezó la acción.

For	Since
A minute	1986
A few hours	June
Months and months	Yesterday
A hundred years	Monday

PAST SIMPLE

El past simple se usa para describir acciones finalizadas en el pasado.

O también se puede usar para afirmaciones del pasado.

Forma: El past simple se forma con el sujeto + 2ª columna

Preguntas: Did + sujeto + 2ª columna + etc?

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I You He She saw It We You They	I You He She didn't see It We You They	I You He Did She see…? It We You They

PAST CONTINUOUS

El past continuous se usa para describir el avance de una acción en el pasado.

Forma: Se forma con was/were + verbo en -ing

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I was sleeping You were sleeping	I wasn't sleeping You weren't sleeping	Was I sleeping…? Were You sleeping…?
He She was sleeping It	He She wasn't sleeping It	He Was She sleeping…? It
We You were sleeping They	We You weren't sleeping They	We Were You sleeping…? It

PAST PERFECT

El past perfect se utiliza para hablar sobre experiencias de tu vida.

Forma: Se forma con have/has + 3ª columna o verbo terminado en -ed

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I You `ve arrived	I You haven't arrived	I Have You arrived…?
He She `s arrived It	He She hasn't arrived They	He Has She arrived…? It
We You `ve arrived They	We You haven't arrived They	We Have You arrived…? They

FUTURE TENSES

Simple future: Acciones que se van a hacer en el futuro, sin concretar cuándo (proyectos a largo plazo).

Forma: Will/Won't + Infinitivo

Ejemplo: I will go on holiday

Immediate future: Acciones que nos disponemos a hacer ahora o en un futuro muy próximo.

Forma: Pr. Sujeto + TO BE GOING TO + v. Infinitivo

Ejemplo: John and Sarah are going to have a Maths lessons

CONDITIONAL

First conditional: If v.present v. future simple

WILL + Infinitivo

`LL + Infinitivo

Second conditional: If v. past simple Would + Infinitivo

2ª col. -ed `d + Infinitivo

Third conditional: If past perfect Would have + 3ª columna

Had + 3ª col. `d

MODAL VERBS

	Present		Past
	+	-	+	-
Possibility	Can May Must	Can't May not Can't	Could Might have+3ªcol	Couldn't Might not have + 3ª col.
Ability	Can	Can't	Could	Couldn't
Obligation	Must Have to Need to Ought to	Mustn't Didn't have to Don't have to Don't need to	Had to	Didn't have to

Ejemplos: You must be very careful

They can't be my trainers

She may be his sister

It might be 323

My grandfather didn't have to work in a factory

PHRASAL VERBS

VERB + PREPOSITION

For (buscar)

At (mirar)

Look

After (cuidar)

Out (atender)

SINGULAR AND PLURALS

Singular: This = este, esta, esto.

That = eso, esa, ese, aquella.

Plural: These = estos, estas.

Those = esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas.

Special plural: Cuando el verbo termina en consonante + y, se cambia la y por i, y se pone -ies.

Otro tipo de plurales especiales:

Singular One	Plural Many
Man	Men
Foot	Feet
Fish	Fish
Sheep	Sheep
Touth	Teeth
Person	People
Woman	Women

Uso de a / an:

A: se utiliza delante de consonante. Ex: A book.

An: se utiliza delante de vocal. Ex: An orange.

ADJECTIVES

	Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
One syllable ending in a vowel: + r/st	Large Nice	Larger Nicer	The largest The nicest
One syllable ending in a consonant: + er/est	Bright Cheap	Brighter Cheaper	The brightest The cheapest
Two syllables ending in y: y + ier/iest	Friendly Heavy	Friendlier Heavier	The friendliest The heaviest
Two or more syllables: more/the most	Beautiful Expensive	More beautiful More expensive	The most beautiful The most expensive
Irregular	Bad Good	Worse Better	The worst The best

ADVERBS

Adverbios (posiciones): Son las palabras que modifican al verbo.

Pueden ir:

- A la izquierda de cualquier verbo.

- A la derecha del V.To Be.

- En verbos de una palabra, en medio.

Ejemplos de adverbios de modo:

- Quiet: Quietly = tranquilamente.

- Loud: Loudly = fuertemente.

- Bad: Badly = malamente.

Adverbs of frequency (posición en la frase):

- Delante de cualquier verbo

- Detrás de verbo TO BE

Frequency adverbs: - Always: Siempre

- Often: A menudo

- Usually: Normalmente

- Sometimes: A veces, de vez en cuando

- Occasionally: Ocasionalmente

- Really: Raras veces

- Never: Nunca

Useful concept:

- Phrase (acción): Grupo de palabras para pasado o frases.

- Clause (sintagma): Componente para frases complejas, con sujeto y predicado. Se trabaja con nombres, adjetivos, o adverbios.

- Sentence (o.compuesta): En uniones gramaticales extensas, los componentes se usan para expresar declaraciones, preguntas, etc…

PASSIVE VOICE

La voz passiva se usa para frases pasivas y frases impersonales con “se”.

La forma és sujeto + To Be (en el tiempo que tiene la activa y la forma de la persona, sujeto presente) + Past participle (Verbo activo - Etc...)

Tiempos pasivos	Estructura	Ejemplos
- Simple present	Am/are/is + Past participle	English his spoken have
- Present continous	Am/are/is being + Past participle	The house is being painted
- Simple past	Was/were + Past participle	I wasn't invited, but I went
- Past continous	Was/were being + Past participle	I felt I was being watched
- Present perfect	Have/has been + Past participle	Has Mary been told?
- Past perfect	Had been + Past participle	I knew I had been forgotten
- Future simple	Will be + past participle	You' ll be told soon
- Immediate future	Am/are/is going To be + PP	Who's going to be wanted?

Will / can / must / have to

Active	Passive
Somebody will clean the office tomorrow.	The office will be cleaned tomorrow.
Somebody must clean the office.	The office must be cleaned.
They can't repair my watch.	My watch can't be repaired.
Somebody has to wash these clothes.	These clothes have to be washed.

REPORTED SPEECH

Correlación temporal:

Direct	Reported
Present simple	Past simple
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Past simple	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
WILL	WOULD
CAN	COULD

Time expressions:

Direct	Reported
Now	Then
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The next day
At (expresión de tiempo)	At (queda igual)

Place verbs:

Direct	Reported
Here	There
In this place	In that place

Reporting verbs: boast, complain, explain, insist, joke, predict, promise, reply

Ejemplo:

Marcos: Tomorrow I'm going to have my art exam.

Sandra: What style of art is the exam about?

Reported speeach: Marcos told the next day he was going to have his art exam. Sandra asked what was the style of exam about.