Legislación
US (United States) Code. Title 22. Chapter 24: Mutual Security Program
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22 USC CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
-HEAD-
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
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SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
Sec.
1750 to 1753a. Repealed.
1754. Foreign currencies.
(a) Availability and use.
(b) Availability to Members and employees of
Congress; authorization requirements; reports.
1755 to 1782. Repealed or Omitted.
1783. Coordination with foreign policy.
1784 to 1795. Repealed.
1796. Participation in Joint Commission on Rural
Reconstruction in China.
1797. Repealed.
SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE
1811 to 1834. Repealed.
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
PART A - DEFENSE SUPPORT
1841 to 1852. Repealed.
1853. Assistance to Yugoslavia.
1854. Repealed.
PART B - DEVELOPMENT LOAN FUND
1870 to 1876. Repealed.
PART C - TECHNICAL COOPERATION
1891 to 1896. Repealed.
1896a. Restriction on commitments for technical assistance.
1896b. Colombo Plan Council for Technical Cooperation;
authorization.
1897, 1898. Repealed.
PART D - SPECIAL ASSISTANCE AND OTHER PROGRAMS
1920 to 1927. Repealed.
1928. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
(a) Authorization for expenses.
(b) Appointment of personal representative.
(c) Duration of staff service.
1928a. North Atlantic Treaty Parliamentary Conference;
participation; appointment of United States Group.
1928b. Authorization of appropriations.
1928c. Report to the Congress.
1928d. Auditing and accounting.
1928e. North Atlantic Assembly; appropriations for expenses
of annual meeting.
1929 to 1936. Repealed.
1937. Irish counterpart account; approval of disposition.
1938 to 1941. Repealed.
1942. Development assistance in Latin America; Congressional
declaration of policy.
1943. Authorization of appropriations; restrictions; reports
to Congressional committees.
1944. Reconstruction assistance in Chile; authorization of
appropriations.
1945. Utilization of funds for assistance in Latin America;
availability for transportation of immigrants from
Ryukyuan Archipelago.
SUBCHAPTER IV - CONTINGENCY FUND
1951. Repealed.
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CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This chapter is referred to in sections 1945, 2103 of this title;
title 26 sections 995, 1441.
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22 USC SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROVISIONS 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
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22 USC Secs. 1750 to 1753a 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Secs. 1750 to 1753a. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), (5), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
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Section 1750, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, Sec. 2, formerly ch.
IV, Sec. 549, as added July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 11, 69 Stat.
289, renumbered and amended July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 2, 70
Stat. 555; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, Sec. 2, 73 Stat. 246; May
14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, Sec. 2, 74 Stat. 134, stated the
Congressional declaration of purpose for this chapter. See section
2151 et seq. of this title.
Section 1750a, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 503, June 30, 1958, 72
Stat. 275, related to strengthening cooperation in the Western
Hemisphere.
Section 1750b, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 552, as
added May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(m), 74 Stat.
140, prohibited assistance to Cuba. See section 2370 of this title.
Section 1751, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 545, 68
Stat. 862; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 11(b), 70 Stat. 565; June
30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(i), ch. V, Sec.
501(31)-(33), 72 Stat. 270, 272, defined terms used in this
chapter. See section 2403 of this title.
Section 1752, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 546, 68
Stat. 863; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 11(c), 71 Stat 365,
related to construction and application of this chapter.
Section 1753, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 501, 68
Stat. 849; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 9(a), 70 Stat. 560,
authorized transferability of funds. See section 2360 of this
title.
Section 1753a, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 551, as
added July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(m), 73 Stat.
255; amended Sept. 8, 1960, Pub. L. 86-735, Sec. 4, 74 Stat. 870,
provided for limitations on the use of the President's special
authority.
TRANSFER OF FUNDS TO CARRY OUT INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE
ACTIVITIES
Section 13 of act July 18, 1956, ch. 627, 70 Stat. 565, was
repealed by Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(4). Sept. 4, 1961,
75 Stat. 460.
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22 USC Sec. 1754 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1754. Foreign currencies
-STATUTE-
(a) Availability and use
Notwithstanding section 1306 of title 31, or any other provision
of law, proceeds of sales made under section 1675p (!1) of this
title, shall remain available and shall be used for any of the
purposes of this chapter, giving particular regard to the following
purposes -
(1) for providing military assistance to nations or mutual
defense organizations eligible to receive assistance under this
chapter;
(2) for purchase of goods or services in friendly nations;
(3) for loans, under applicable provisions of this chapter, to
increase production of goods or services, including strategic
materials, needed in any nation with which an agreement was
negotiated, or in other friendly nations, with the authority to
use currencies received in repayment for the purposes stated in
the section or for deposit to the general account of the Treasury
of the United States;
(4) for developing new markets on a mutually beneficial basis;
(5) for grants-in-aid to increase production for domestic needs
in friendly countries; and
(6) for purchasing materials for United States stockpiles.
(b) Availability to Members and employees of Congress;
authorization requirements; reports
(1)(A) Notwithstanding section 1306 of title 31, or any other
provision of law -
(i) local currencies owned by the United States which are in
excess of the amounts reserved under section 2362(a) of this
title and of the requirements of the United States Government in
payment of its obligations outside of the United States, as such
requirements may be determined from time to time by the
President; and
(ii) any other local currencies owned by the United States in
amounts not to exceed the equivalent of $75 per day per person or
the maximum per diem allowance established under the authority of
subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5 for employees of the United
States Government while traveling in a foreign country, whichever
is greater, exclusive of the actual cost of transportation;
shall be made available to Members and employees of the Congress
for their local currency expenses when authorized as provided in
subparagraph (B).
(B) The authorization required for purposes of subparagraph (A)
may be provided -
(i) by the Speaker of the House of Representatives in the case
of a Member or employee of the House;
(ii) by the chairman of a standing or select committee of the
House of Representatives in the case of a member or employee of
that committee;
(iii) by the President of the Senate, the President pro tempore
of the Senate, the Majority Leader of the Senate, or the Minority
Leader of the Senate, in the case of a Member or employee of the
Senate;
(iv) by the chairman of a standing, select, or special
committee of the Senate in the case of a member or employee of
that committee or of an employee of a member of that committee;
and
(v) by the chairman of a joint committee of the Congress in the
case of a member or employee of that committee.
(C) Whenever local currencies owned by the United States are not
otherwise available for purposes of this subsection, the Secretary
of the Treasury shall purchase such local currencies as may be
necessary for such purposes, using any funds in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated.
(2) On a quarterly basis, the chairman of each committee of the
House of Representatives or the Senate and of each joint committee
of the Congress (A) shall prepare a consolidated report (i) which
itemizes the amounts and dollar equivalent values of each foreign
currency expended and the amounts of dollar expenditures from
appropriated funds in connection with travel outside the United
States, stating the purposes of the expenditures including per diem
(lodging and meals), transportation, and other purposes, and (ii)
which shows the total itemized expenditures, by such committee and
by each member or employee of such committee (including in the case
of a committee of the Senate, each employee of a member of the
committee who received an authorization under paragraph (1) from
the chairman of the committee); and (B) shall forward such
consolidated report to the Clerk of the House of Representatives
(if the committee is a committee of the House of Representatives or
a joint committee whose funds are disbursed by the Chief
Administrative Officer of the House) or to the Secretary of the
Senate (if the committee is a committee of the Senate or a joint
committee whose funds are disbursed by the Secretary of the
Senate). Each such consolidated report shall be open to public
inspection and shall be published in the Congressional Record
within ten legislative days after the report is forwarded pursuant
to this paragraph. In the case of the Select Committee on
Intelligence of the Senate and the Permanent Select Committee on
Intelligence of the House of Representatives, such consolidated
report may, in the discretion of the chairman of the committee,
omit such information as would identify the foreign countries in
which members and employees of that committee traveled.
(3)(A) Each Member or employee who receives an authorization
under paragraph (1) from the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, the President of the Senate, the President pro
tempore of the Senate, the Majority Leader of the Senate, or the
Minority Leader of the Senate, shall within thirty days after the
completion of the travel involved, submit a report setting forth
the information specified in paragraph (2), to the extent
applicable, to the Clerk of the House of Representatives (in the
case of a Member of the House or an employee whose salary is
disbursed by the Chief Administrative Officer of the House) or the
Secretary of the Senate (in the case of a Member of the Senate or
an employee whose salary is disbursed by the Secretary of the
Senate). In the case of an authorization for a group of Members or
employees, such reports shall be submitted for all Members of the
group by its chairman, or if there is no designated chairman, by
the ranking Member or if the group does not include a Member, by
the senior employee in the group. Each report submitted pursuant to
this subparagraph shall be open to public inspection.
(B) On a quarterly basis, the Clerk of the House of
Representatives and the Secretary of the Senate shall each prepare
a consolidation of the reports received by them under this
paragraph with respect to expenditures during the preceding quarter
by each Member and employee or by each group in the case of
expenditures made on behalf of a group which are not allocable to
individual members of the group. Each such consolidation shall be
open to public inspection and shall be published in the
Congressional Record within ten legislative days after its
completion.
-SOURCE-
(Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 502, 68 Stat. 849; Sept. 3,
1954, ch. 1262, Sec. 104, 68 Stat. 1223; July 8, 1955, ch. 301,
Sec. 9(a), 69 Stat. 288; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 9(b), 70
Stat. 560; Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(a), June 30, 1958, 72
Stat. 268; Pub. L. 85-766, ch. X, Sec. 1001, Aug. 27, 1958, 72
Stat. 880; Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(a), May 14, 1960, 74
Stat. 138; Pub. L. 86-628, title I, Sec. 105(a), July 12, 1960, 74
Stat. 460; Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961,
75 Stat. 460; Pub. L. 88-633, pt. IV, Sec. 402, Oct. 7, 1964, 78
Stat. 1015; Pub. L. 93-126, Sec. 5, Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 452;
Pub. L. 93-371, Sec. 107, Aug. 13, 1974, 88 Stat. 444; Pub. L.
94-59, title XI, Sec. 1105, July 25, 1975, 89 Stat. 299; Pub. L.
94-157, title I, ch. IV, Dec. 18, 1975, 89 Stat. 837; Pub. L.
94-350, title IV, Sec. 402, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 833; Pub. L.
94-440, title I, Sec. 109, Oct. 1, 1976, 90 Stat. 1445; Pub. L.
95-384, Sec. 22(a), Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 104-186,
title II, Sec. 218(2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1747.)
-REFTEXT-
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Section 1675p of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was
repealed by section 542(a)(9) of act Aug. 26, 1954, and is covered
by section 1922 of this title.
-COD-
CODIFICATION
In subsecs. (a) and (b)(1)(A), "section 1306 of title 31"
substituted for "section 1415 of the Supplemental Appropriation
Act, 1953 [31 U.S.C. 724]" on authority of Pub. L. 97-258, Sec.
4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which
enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.
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AMENDMENTS
1996 - Subsec. (b)(2), (3)(A). Pub. L. 104-186 substituted "by
the Chief Administrative Officer" for "by the Clerk".
1978 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95-384, among other changes, inserted
provisions requiring authorization by certain individuals of local
currency expenses of members of employees of Congress and requiring
each member or employee who has received an authorization for his
local currency expenses to submit a report within 30 days setting
forth certain specified information.
1976 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94-440 inserted "and the Select
Committee on Intelligence of the Senate" after "Joint Committee on
Congressional Operations" and inserted provision authorizing
chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate to
omit information from the consolidated report that would identify
the foreign countries in which members and employees of such
committee traveled.
Pub. L. 94-350 required publication of each consolidated report
in the Congressional Record within ten legislative days after being
forwarded pursuant to subsec. (b).
1975 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94-157 made local currencies
available to Joint Committee on Congressional Operations.
Pub. L. 94-59 struck out provisions requiring each member or
employee to make, to the chairman of the committee in accordance
with regulations prescribed by the committee, an itemized report
showing the amounts and dollar equivalent values of each foreign
currency expended and the amounts of dollar expenditures made from
appropriated funds in connection with travel outside the United
States, together with the purposes of the expenditure, including
lodging, meals, transportation, and other purposes, and, in the
provision requiring a consolidated report by the chairman of each
committee within the first sixty-days that Congress is in session
in each calendar year, inserted requirement that such report
itemize those items, struck out references to subcommittees,
substituted "Committee on House Administration" for "Clerk", and
inserted provision for public inspection.
1974 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93-371 inserted provisions requiring
each member or employee of any committee to make to the chairman,
in accordance with prescribed regulations, an itemized report
showing the amounts of foreign currency expended and dollar
expenditure made from appropriated funds in connection with travel
outside the United States, and substituted provisions relating to
the preparation and submission of a consolidated report by the
chairman, within the first sixty days that Congress is in session
in each calendar year, showing total itemized expenditures during
the preceding calendar year of the committee, for provisions
relating to the submission by the Department of State to the
chairman of each committee, within the first ninety calendar days
that Congress is in session in each calendar year, showing amounts
and equivalent dollar values of foreign currency expended during
the preceding calendar year for travel outside the United States.
1973 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93-126 substituted "$75" for "$50"
and "shall be made available to Members and employees of
appropriate committees" for "shall be made available to appropriate
committees" and substituted a reporting procedure under which the
Department of State, within the first 90 calendar days that
Congress is in session in each calendar year, submits a report
covering the amounts and dollar equivalent values of each foreign
currency expended by each Member and employee with respect to
travel outside the United States, with such report to be available
for public inspection, for a reporting procedure under which both
the amounts and dollar equivalent values of each foreign currency
expended and the amount of dollar expenditures made from
appropriated funds with respect to travel outside the United States
were reported within the first 60 days that Congress was in session
in each calendar year, with each such report published in the
Congressional Record.
1964 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88-633 inserted "which are in excess
of the amounts reserved under section 2362(a) of this title and of
the requirements of the United States Government in payment of its
obligations outside the United States, as such requirements may be
determined from time to time by the President (and any other local
currencies owned by the United States in amounts not to exceed the
equivalent of $50 per day per person exclusive of the actual cost
of transportation)".
1961 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 87-195 repealed subsec. (c) which
related to the preservation of cultural monuments of the Upper
Nile.
1960 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86-628 required inclusion in the
reports of expenditures of each member and employee of the
committees and subcommittees.
Pub. L. 86-472, Sec. 401(a)(1), required members and employees of
committees to report the amounts of dollar expenditures made from
appropriated funds in connection with travel outside the United
States, and provided that the consolidated report shall show the
total itemized expenditures incurred as a result of official
activities of members and employees of committees or subcommittees.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86-472, Sec. 401(a)(2), added subsec. (c).
1958 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85-766 required reports to the Select
Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration of the House of
Representatives and the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics
of the Senate.
Pub. L. 85-477 required each member or employee of the committees
to make an itemized report to the chairman of his committee,
provided that the chairman shall consolidate the reports and
forward the consolidated report to the appropriate Congressional
committee within the first 60 days that Congress is in session in
each year, and required publication of each report in the
Congressional Record.
1956 - Subsec. (b). Act July 18, 1956, substituted "Joint
Economic Committee and the Select Committees on Small Business of
the Senate and House of Representatives" for "Joint Committee on
the Economic Report".
1955 - Subsec. (b). Act July 8, 1955, authorized the use of local
currencies by the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and the Joint
Committee on the Economic Report.
1954 - Subsec. (b). Act Sept. 3, 1954, substituted "Committee on
Appropriations of the Senate" for "Committee on Rules and
Administration of the Senate".
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT
Section 22(b) of Pub. L. 95-384 provided that: "Notwithstanding
section 30 of this Act [set out as a note below], the amendment
made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section]
shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 26,
1978]."
SHORT TITLE OF 1960 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 86-735, Sept. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 869, as amended, which
enacted sections 1942 to 1945 of this title and amended section
1753a of this title, is known as the "Latin American Development
Act". For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
Short Title note set out under section 1942 of this title and
Tables.
SHORT TITLE
Section 1 of act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, 68 Stat. 832, as amended
by act June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, Sec. 2, 72 Stat. 261,
provided in part: "That this act [enacting this chapter, section
281b-2 of this title, and section 151c of former Title 5, Executive
Departments and Government Officers and Employees, amending
sections 279a, 281b, 290b, 1148, 1442, and 2658 of this title,
section 1704 of Title 7, Agriculture, section 1441 of Title 26,
Internal Revenue Code, and section 1641 of Title 50, App., War and
National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as notes under
section 1751 of this title] may be cited as the 'Mutual Security
Act of 1954'."
-TRANS-
TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS
Certain functions of Clerk of House of Representatives
transferred to Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services
by section 7 of House Resolution No. 423, One Hundred Second
Congress, Apr. 9, 1992. Director of Non-legislative and Financial
Services replaced by Chief Administrative Officer of House of
Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth
Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.
DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS
For delegation of functions of President under this section, see
Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set
out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary
of the Treasury pursuant to section 1-501(a)(3) of Ex. Ord. No.
12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56675, eff. Oct. 1, 1979, set out as
a note under section 2381 of this title.
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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1978 NOT TO AFFECT
AUTHORIZATIONS OF APPROPRIATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF AUTHORITY
APPLICABLE TO FISCAL YEAR 1978
Section 30 of Pub. L. 95-384 provided that: "Enactment of this
Act [see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note set out under section
2151 of this title] shall not affect the authorizations of
appropriations and limitations of authority applicable to the
fiscal year 1978 which are contained in provisions of law amended
by this Act (other than sections 31(a), (b), and (d) of the Arms
Export Control Act [section 2771(a), (b), and (d) of this title])."
-SECREF-
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 3007 of this title.
-FOOTNOTE-
(!1) See References in Text note below.
-End-
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22 USC Secs. 1755 to 1759 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Secs. 1755 to 1759. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1755, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 503, 68
Stat. 850; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 9(b), 69 Stat. 288; Aug. 14,
1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 9(a), 71 Stat. 363; June 30, 1958, Pub.
L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(17), 72 Stat. 271; July 24, 1959, Pub.
L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(a), 73 Stat. 252, provided for
termination of assistance under this chapter. See section 2367 of
this title.
Section 1756, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 504, 68
Stat. 851; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 9(b), 71 Stat. 363;
June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V Sec. 501(18), 72 Stat. 271;
July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(b), 73 Stat. 252;
May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(b), 74 Stat. 139,
related to small business participation in furnishing of
commodities and services. See section 2352 of this title.
Section 1757, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 505, 68
Stat. 851; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 9(c), 69 Stat. 288; Aug. 14,
1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 9(c), 71 Stat. 363; July 24, 1959, Pub.
L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(c), 73 Stat. 252; May 14, 1960, Pub. L.
86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(c), 74 Stat. 139, provided for manner and
terms of furnishing loan assistance and sales. See section 2395 of
this title.
Section 1758, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 506, 68
Stat. 852, related to patents and technical information. See
section 2356 of this title.
Section 1759, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 507, 68
Stat. 852; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 9(c), 70 Stat. 560, related
to availability of funds.
-End-
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22 USC Sec. 1759a 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1759a. Repealed. Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(g742l), July
24, 1959, 73 Stat. 255
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 549, as added
July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 1(d), 70 Stat. 565; amended Aug. 14,
1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 11(e), 71 Stat. 365; June 30, 1958, Pub.
L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(34), 72 Stat. 272, authorized an amount
equal to 25 per centum of funds authorized to be appropriated for
any fiscal year for purposes of sections 1891 to 1896, 1897, 1898,
or 1923 of this title to be continued available for three months
beyond end of fiscal year for which appropriated.
-End-
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22 USC Sec. 1760 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1760. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
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Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 508, 68 Stat.
853, prohibited use of funds for propaganda purposes.
-End-
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22 USC Sec. 1760a 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1760a. Omitted
-COD-
CODIFICATION
Section, which limited use of counterpart funds with respect to
payment of debts of foreign countries, was enacted as a part of
section 105 of the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1958, Pub. L.
85-279, Sec. 105, Sept. 3, 1957, 71 Stat. 603, and was not repeated
in subsequent appropriation acts.
-End-
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22 USC Secs. 1761 to 1765 01/06/03
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TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Secs. 1761 to 1765. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1761, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 509, 68
Stat. 853; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 9(d), 69 Stat. 288; July 18,
1956, ch. 627, Sec. 9(d), 70 Stat. 560; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 9(d), 71 Stat. 363; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
IV, Sec. 401(b), 72 Stat. 269, related to shipping on United States
vessels. See section 2353 of this title.
Section 1762, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 510, 68
Stat. 853; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(c), ch.
V, Sec. 501(19), 72 Stat. 269, 271; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108,
ch. IV, Sec. 401(d), 73 Stat. 253, related to purchase of
commodities in bulk and to surplus agricultural commodities. See
section 2354 of this title.
Section 1763, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 511, 68
Stat. 853; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 9(e), 71 Stat. 363;
June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(20), (21), 72 Stat.
271, provided for preservation of military stock and retention and
return of equipment. See section 2355 of this title.
Section 1764, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 512, 68
Stat. 854, prescribed penalties for accepting commissions, etc.,
for procurement services by United States officers and employees.
Section 1765, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 513, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 9(f), 71 Stat. 363;
amended June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(22), 72
Stat. 271; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(d), 74
Stat. 139, provided for notice to legislative committees. See
section 2394(d) of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1766 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1766. Omitted
-COD-
CODIFICATION
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 514, 68 Stat.
854, related to reservation of foreign currencies or credits owed
to or by the United States by the Secretary of the Treasury for
sale to the Department of State for international educational
exchange activities on basis of dollar value at time of
reservation. See sections 2362 and 2455 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1766a to 1766c 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Secs. 1766a to 1766c. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1766a, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 515, as
added July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 9(e), 70 Stat. 560, related to
authorization for grant of contract authority. See section 2365 of
this title.
Section 1766b, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 516, as
added June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(d), 72 Stat.
269, prohibited use of funds for debt retirement.
Section 1766c, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 517, as
added June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(d), 72 Stat.
269; amended July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(e), 73
Stat. 253; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(e), 74
Stat. 139, related to completion of plans and cost estimates, and
to computation of benefits and costs. See section 2361 of this
title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1767 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1767. Repealed. Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 11(d), Aug. 14, 1957, 71
Stat. 365
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, Sec. 547, 68 Stat.
864, provided for a general limitation on authorizations.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1767a, 1768 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Secs. 1767a, 1768. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1767a, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 548, as
added July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 11, 69 Stat. 289; amended July
18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 11(c), 70 Stat. 565, related to
availability of unexpended balances of funds. See section 2404 of
this title.
Section 1768, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 543, 68
Stat. 861; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 11(a), 71 Stat. 365;
June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(g), 72 Stat. 270;
July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(k), 73 Stat. 255,
contained savings provisions. See section 2392 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1781, 1782 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Secs. 1781, 1782. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1781, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 521, 68
Stat. 855; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 10(a), 70 Stat. 560; Aug.
14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 10(a), 71 Stat. 363; June 30, 1958,
Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(24), (25), 72 Stat. 271, empowered
the President to delegate his authority and provided for the
promulgation of rules and regulations. See section 2381 of this
title.
Section 1782, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 522, 68
Stat. 855; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 10(b), 70 Stat. 560; June
30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(26), 72 Stat. 272,
related to allocation and transfer of funds among Government
agencies, utilization of services and facilities, reimbursement for
military assistance, commodities, services, and facilities,
establishment of accounts, and to charge of expenses to
appropriation. See section 2392 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1783 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1783. Coordination with foreign policy
-STATUTE-
(a) to (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2),
Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460.
(d) Whenever the President determines that the prevention of
improper currency transactions in a given country requires it, he
may direct the chief of the United States diplomatic mission there
to issue regulations applicable to members of the Armed Forces and
officers and employees of the United States Government, and to
contractors with the United States Government and their employees,
governing the extent to which their pay and allowances received and
to be used in that country shall be paid in local currency.
Notwithstanding any other law, United States Government agencies
are authorized and directed to comply with such regulations.
-SOURCE-
(Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 523, 68 Stat. 856; Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 10(b), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 364; Pub. L. 85-477,
ch. V, Sec. 501(27), June 30, 1958, 72 Stat. 272; Pub. L. 86-108,
ch. IV, Sec. 401(f), July 24, 1959, 73 Stat. 253; Pub. L. 86-472,
ch. IV, Sec. 401(f), May 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 139; Pub. L. 87-195,
pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), pt. IV, Sec. 707, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat.
460, 464.)
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1961 - Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 87-195, Sec. 642(a)(2),
repealed subsecs. (a) to (c) which related to powers and functions
of the Secretary of State, required the President to prescribe
procedures to assure coordination among representatives of the
Government, and made the Secretary of State responsible for the
continuous supervision and general direction of the assistance
programs. See section 2382 of this title.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 87-195, Sec. 707, substituted "prevention of
improper currency transactions" for "achievement of United States
foreign policy objectives".
1960 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 86-472 added subsec. (d).
1959 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86-108, Sec. 401(f)(1), required the
chief of the diplomatic mission to make sure that recommendations
of representatives pertaining to military assistance are
coordinated with political and economic considerations.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86-108, Sec. 401(f)(2), substituted
provisions making the Secretary of State responsible for the
continuous supervision and general direction of the assistance
programs for provisions which required the Secretary of State to
coordinate the various forms of assistance and to determine the
value of the program under subchapter II of this chapter for any
country.
1958 - Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 85-477 substituted "subchapter II
of this chapter" for "sections 1811 to 1817 of this title".
1957 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85-141 added subsec. (c).
REPEALS
Section 707 of Pub. L. 87-195, cited as a credit to this section,
was repealed by section 401 of Pub. L. 87-565, pt. IV, Aug. 1,
1962, 76 Stat. 263, except insofar as section 707 affected this
section.
-TRANS-
DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS
For delegation of functions of President under this section, see
Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set
out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
-MISC2-
STUDY OF AGENCIES ENGAGED IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Section 604 of Pub. L. 86-472, ch. VI, May 14, 1960, 74 Stat.
141, which related to study of agencies engaged in foreign economic
activities, was repealed by Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(8), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1784 to 1795 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Secs. 1784 to 1795. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1784, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 524, 68
Stat. 856; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 10(a), 69 Stat. 288; Aug.
14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 10(c), 71 Stat. 364; June 30, 1958,
Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(28), 72 Stat. 272, prescribed
duties of Secretary of Defense. See section 2383 of this title.
Section 1785, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 525, 68
Stat. 856; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 10(b), 69 Stat. 288; Aug.
14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 10(d), 71 Stat. 364, authorized
transfer of functions of Foreign Operations Administration.
Section 1786, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 526, 68
Stat. 857; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 10(c), 69 Stat. 289,
authorized maintenance of special missions and staffs abroad. See
section 2391 of this title.
Section 1787, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 527, 68
Stat. 857; July 31, 1956, ch. 804, title I, Sec. 113, 70 Stat. 740;
Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 10(e), 71 Stat. 364; June 30,
1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(e), 72 Stat. 269; July 24,
1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(g), 73 Stat. 253; May 14,
1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(g), ch. V, Sec. 501(c), (d),
74 Stat. 139, 140, related to employment of personnel. See section
2385 of this title.
Section 1788, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 528, 68
Stat. 858, authorized detail of personnel to foreign governments.
See section 2387 of this title.
Section 1789, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 529, 68
Stat. 858, authorized detail of personnel to international
organizations. See section 2388 of this title.
Section 1790, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 530, 68
Stat. 859; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 10(d), 69 Stat. 289; July
18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 10(c), 70 Stat. 561; May 14, 1960, Pub. L.
86-472, ch. V, Sec. 501(e), 74 Stat. 140, authorized employment of
experts and consultants. See section 2386 of this title.
Section 1791, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 531, 68
Stat. 859; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(h), 74
Stat. 139, related to security clearance.
Section 1792, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 532, 68
Stat. 859; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 10(d), 70 Stat. 561,
related to exemption of personnel from certain Federal laws. See
section 2386 of this title.
Section 1793, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 533, 68
Stat. 860, provided for waiver of certain Federal laws. See section
2393 of this title.
Section 1793a, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 533A, as
added July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(h), 73 Stat.
253; amended May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(i), 74
Stat. 140, established Office of Inspector General and Comptroller
and transferred certain functions thereto. See section 2384 of this
title.
Section 1794, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. V, Sec. 534, 68
Stat. 860; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 10(e), 69 Stat. 289; Aug.
14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 10(f), 71 Stat. 364; July 24, 1959,
Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(i), 73 Stat. 254; May 14, 1960,
Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(j), 74 Stat. 140, provided for
reports to Congress and for furnishing documents and other material
to General Accounting Office and committees of Congress. See
section 2394 of this title.
Section 1794a, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 550, as
added July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(m), 73 Stat.
255, required President to make public information concerning
mutual security program not deemed to be incompatible with security
of United States. See section 2394(b) of this title.
Section 1795, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 535, 68
Stat. 860; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 10(e), 70 Stat. 561; Aug.
14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 10(g), 71 Stat. 364, related to
cooperation with nations and international organizations.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1796 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1796. Participation in Joint Commission on Rural
Reconstruction in China
-STATUTE-
The President is authorized to continue to participate in the
Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction in China and to appoint
citizens of the United States to the Commission.
-SOURCE-
(Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 536, 68 Stat. 861.)
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1797 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
-HEAD-
Sec. 1797. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, Sec. 537, as added
July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 10(f), 70 Stat. 561; amended Aug. 14,
1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Secs. 6, 10(h), 71 Stat. 357, 364; June 30,
1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. IV, Sec. 401(f), ch. V, Sec. 501(29), 72
Stat. 270, 272; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. IV, Sec. 401(j),
73 Stat. 255; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 401(k),
(l), ch. V, Sec. 501(f), 74 Stat. 140, related to uses of funds
under this chapter. See section 2396 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1811 to 1817 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
Secs. 1811 to 1817. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1811, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. I, Sec. 101, 68
Stat. 833, stated the Congressional declaration of purpose for
military assistance. See section 2301 of this title.
Section 1811a, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, Sec. 2, formerly ch.
IV, Sec. 549, as added July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 11, 69 Stat.
289, renumbered and amended July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 2, 70
Stat. 555; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, Sec. 2, 73 Stat. 246; May
14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, Sec. 2, 74 Stat. 134, stated the
Congressional declaration of purpose for this chapter. See sections
2151 and 2301 of this title.
Section 1812, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. I, Sec. 102, 68
Stat. 833, related to the basis and terms of military assistance.
See section 2395 of this title.
Section 1813, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. I, Sec. 103, 68
Stat. 833; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 2(a)-(c), 69 Stat. 283; July
18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 3(a), 70 Stat. 555; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 2(a), 71 Stat. 355; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
I, Sec. 101, 72 Stat. 261; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. I,
Sec. 101(a), 73 Stat. 247; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. I,
Sec. 101(a), 74 Stat. 134, authorized appropriations for military
assistance. See section 2312 of this title.
Section 1814, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. I, Sec. 104, 68
Stat. 834; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 2(b), 71 Stat. 356,
authorized NATO infrastructure contributions.
Section 1815, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. I, Sec. 105, 68
Stat. 834; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 2(d)-(f), 69 Stat. 284; July
18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 3(b), 70 Stat. 555; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 2(c), 71 Stat. 356; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
I, Secs. 102, 103, 72 Stat. 262; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch.
I, Sec. 101(b), 73 Stat. 247; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. I,
Sec. 101(b), 74 Stat. 134, prescribed the conditions and
eligibility for military assistance. See section 2314 of this
title.
Section 1816, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. I, Sec. 106, 68
Stat. 836, authorized the President to sell military equipment,
materials and services and prescribed the manner of payment. See
sections 2342 and 2343 of this title.
Section 1817, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. I, Sec. 107, 68
Stat. 836; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 2(d), 71 Stat. 356,
authorized the waiver of certain laws. See section 2393 of this
title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1818 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
Sec. 1818. Repealed. Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 2(e), Aug. 14, 1957, 71
Stat. 356
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title I, Sec. 108, 68 Stat.
837; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 2(g), 69 Stat. 284, authorized,
until June 30, 1956, the transfer of military equipment and
supplies to Japan.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1819 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
Sec. 1819. Repealed. Pub. L. 95-148, title I, Oct. 31, 1977, 91
Stat. 1232
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 2, 1955, ch. 491, Sec. 108, 69 Stat. 438,
related to an accounting for military assistance funds.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL
Pub. L. 95-148 provided that the repeal of this section is
effective Oct. 1, 1977.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1831 to 1834 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER II - MILITARY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
Secs. 1831 to 1834. Repealed. Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 3, Aug. 14,
1957, 71 Stat. 356
-MISC1-
Section 1831, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title 1, Sec. 121, 68
Stat. 837; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 3(a), 69 Stat. 284,
authorized appropriations for assistance for Southeast Asia and
Western Pacific for the fiscal year 1955.
Sections 1832, 1833, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title I, Secs.
122, 123, 68 Stat. 837, 838, authorized appropriations for fiscal
year 1955 for manufacture in United Kingdom of military aircraft,
and for provision of any common-use equipment, materials,
commodities, or services which are to be used by military forces of
nations receiving assistance.
Section 1834, act Aug. 20, 1954, ch. 937, title I, Sec. 124, as
added July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 3(b), 69 Stat. 284, authorized
appropriations for fiscal year 1956 to provide assistance in form
of direct forces support to be delivered or rendered directly to
military forces of nations eligible for military assistance.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Part A - Defense Support 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part A - Defense Support
-HEAD-
PART A - DEFENSE SUPPORT
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1841 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part A - Defense Support
-HEAD-
Sec. 1841. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 131, 68 Stat.
838; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 4, 69 Stat. 284; July 18, 1956,
ch. 627, Sec. 4, 70 Stat. 556; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec.
4(a), 71 Stat. 356; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec.
201, ch. V, Sec. 501(3), (4), 72 Stat. 262, 270; July 24, 1959,
Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 201, 73 Stat. 248; May 14, 1960, Pub.
L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 201(a), (b), 74 Stat. 134, authorized
economic assistance to sustain and increase the military effort and
provided for executive authority to furnish assistance,
appropriations, marine insurance and assistance for Korea. See
section 2354(d) of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1842 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part A - Defense Support
-HEAD-
Sec. 1842. Repealed. Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 4(b), Aug. 14, 1957, 71
Stat. 356
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title I, Sec. 132, 68 Stat.
838, authorized appropriations for defense support, relief and
rehabilitation, and other necessary assistance for those parts of
Korea which the President determined to be not under Communist
control.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1851, 1852 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part A - Defense Support
-HEAD-
Secs. 1851, 1852. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1851, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 141, 68
Stat. 839; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(6), 72
Stat. 270; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 201(c), 74
Stat. 135, prescribed conditions of eligibility.
Section 1852, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 142, 68
Stat. 839; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 5, 69 Stat. 285; Aug. 14,
1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 5(a), 71 Stat. 356; June 30, 1958, Pub.
L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 202, ch. V, Sec. 501(7, 8), 72 Stat. 262,
271; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 202, 73 Stat. 248;
May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 201(d), 74 Stat. 135,
related to agreements by recipient nations for furnishing of
defense support or military equipment and materials.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1853 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part A - Defense Support
-HEAD-
Sec. 1853. Assistance to Yugoslavia
-STATUTE-
In furnishing assistance to Yugoslavia, the President shall
continuously assure himself (1) that Yugoslavia continues to
maintain its independence, (2) that Yugoslavia is not participating
in any policy or program for the Communist conquest of the world,
and (3) that the furnishing of such assistance is in the interest
of the national security of the United States. The President shall
keep the Foreign Relations Committee and the Appropriations
Committee of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives fully and constantly informed of any assistance
furnished to Yugoslavia under this chapter.
-SOURCE-
(Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 143, as added July 18, 1956,
ch. 627, Sec. 5, 70 Stat. 556; amended Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 5(b),
Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 356.)
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1957 - Pub. L. 85-141 required the President to continuously
assure himself that Yugoslavia continues to maintain its
independence, that she is not participating in any policy or
program for the Communist conquest of the world, and that the
furnishing of assistance is in the interest of national security,
and provided that certain committees of the Senate and the Speaker
of the House of Representatives should be constantly informed of
assistance furnished.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1854 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part A - Defense Support
-HEAD-
Sec. 1854. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 144, as added
Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 5(c), 71 Stat. 357; amended
June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. V, Sec. 501(9), 72 Stat. 271,
authorized assistance to Southeast Asia.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Part B - Development Loan Fund 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part B - Development Loan Fund
-HEAD-
PART B - DEVELOPMENT LOAN FUND
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1870 to 1876 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part B - Development Loan Fund
-HEAD-
Secs. 1870 to 1876. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), (4), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1870, act July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 14, 70 Stat. 566,
stated Congressional declaration of policy to promote economic
development of underdeveloped countries. See section 2151 of this
title.
Section 1871, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 201, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 6, 71 Stat. 357; amended
May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 202(a), 74 Stat. 135,
stated Congressional declaration of purpose for development loan
program. See section 2151 of this title.
Section 1872, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 202, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 6, 71 Stat. 357; amended
June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85 477, ch. II, Sec. 203(a), ch. V, Sec.
501(10), 72 Stat. 262, 271; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II,
Sec. 203(a), 73 Stat. 248; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II,
Sec. 202(b), 74 Stat. 135, created Development Loan Fund,
authorized Fund to make loans, credits or guaranties, provided for
repayment, administration, and reports, and restricted allocation,
reservation, earmarking, commitment, or set-aside of funds.
Section 1873, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 203, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 6, 71 Stat. 358; amended
July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 203(b), 73 Stat. 248,
authorized appropriations for capitalization of Fund.
Section 1874, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 204, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 6, 71 Stat. 358; amended
June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 86-477, ch. II, Sec. 203(b), 72 Stat. 263;
July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 203(c), 73 Stat. 249,
related to fiscal provisions for Fund.
Section 1875, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 205, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 6, 71 Stat. 358; amended
June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 203(c), 72 Stat. 263;
July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 203(d), 73 Stat. 249;
May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 202(c), ch. V, Sec.
501(a), 74 Stat. 135, 140, related to management of Fund, and
powers and authority of Board of Directors.
Section 1876, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 205, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 6, 71 Stat. 359, provided
for applicability of functions of National Advisory Council on
International Monetary and Financial Problems.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Part C - Technical Cooperation 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part C - Technical Cooperation
-HEAD-
PART C - TECHNICAL COOPERATION
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1891 to 1896 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part C - Technical Cooperation
-HEAD-
Secs. 1891 to 1896. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1891, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 301, 68
Stat. 841, stated Congressional declaration of policy and purpose
for technical cooperation.
Section 1892, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 302, 68
Stat. 841, related to authority of President and defined technical
cooperation programs. See section 2171 of this title.
Section 1893, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 303, 68
Stat. 841, enumerated prerequisites to assistance. See section 2171
of this title.
Section 1894, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II. Sec. 304, 68
Stat. 842; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 7(a), 69 Stat. 285; July 18,
1956, ch. 627; Sec. 7(a), 70 Stat. 557; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 7(a), 71 Stat. 359; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
II, Sec. 204(a), 72 Stat. 265; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch.
II, Sec. 204(a), 73 Stat. 249; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch.
II, Sec. 203(a), 74 Stat. 136, authorized appropriations for
technical cooperation programs. See section 2172 of this title.
Section 1895, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 305, 68
Stat. 842, related to limitation on use of funds.
Section 1896, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 306, 68
Stat. 842; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 7(b), 69 Stat. 285; July 18,
1956, ch. 627, Sec. 7(b), 70 Stat. 557; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 7(b), 71 Stat. 359; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
II, Sec. 204(b), 72 Stat. 265; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch.
II, Sec. 204(b), 73 Stat. 249; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch.
II, Sec. 203(b), 74 Stat. 136, authorized appropriations for
multilateral technical cooperation and related programs.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1896a 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part C - Technical Cooperation
-HEAD-
Sec. 1896a. Restriction on commitments for technical assistance
-STATUTE-
No commitment for the calendar year 1955 or thereafter, with
respect to contributions to the United Nations expanded program of
technical assistance, shall be pledged on behalf of the United
States until the Congress appropriates for said purpose.
-SOURCE-
(Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1262, Sec. 101, 68 Stat. 1221.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
Section was enacted as a part of section 101 of the Mutual
Security Appropriation Act, 1955. No other part of section 101 of
the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1955, was classified to the
Code.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1896b 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part C - Technical Cooperation
-HEAD-
Sec. 1896b. Colombo Plan Council for Technical Cooperation;
authorization
-STATUTE-
To enable the United States to maintain membership in the Colombo
Plan Council for Technical Cooperation, there is authorized to be
appropriated from time to time to the Department of State such sums
as may be necessary for the payment by the United States of its
share of the expenses of the Colombo Plan Council for Technical
Cooperation.
-SOURCE-
(Pub. L. 86-108, ch. V, Sec. 502, July 24, 1959, 73 Stat. 256.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
Section was enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act of 1959.
-MISC1-
ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS
Annual appropriations to meet the obligations of membership in
various international organizations were contained in acts listed
in a note set out under section 269a of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1897 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part C - Technical Cooperation
-HEAD-
Sec. 1897. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 307, 68 Stat.
842; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 7(c), 70 Stat. 557; May 14, 1960,
Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 203(c), 74 Stat. 136, authorized
advances and grants-in-aid for technical cooperation program.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1898 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part C - Technical Cooperation
-HEAD-
Sec. 1898. Repealed. Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 203(d), May 14,
1960, 74 Stat. 136
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 308, 68 Stat.
842; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 7(c), 69 Stat. 286; July 24, 1959,
Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 204(c), 73 Stat, 249, created an
advisory board and provided for its duties, membership, allowances,
and expenses.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
PART D - SPECIAL ASSISTANCE AND OTHER PROGRAMS
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1920, 1921 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Secs. 1920, 1921. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1920, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 400, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 8(a), 71 Stat. 360;
amended June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 205(a), 72
Stat. 266; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(a), 73
Stat. 249; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(a), 74
Stat. 136, authorized assistance for special programs to maintain
political or economic stability, for programs of economic
development in Latin America and for schools and libraries abroad.
See section 2171 et seq. of this title.
Section 1921, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 401, as
added July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(b), 73 Stat.
249; amended May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(b), 74
Stat. 136, authorized contributions to the United Nations Emergency
Fund. See section 2221 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1922 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1922. Repealed. Pub. L. 104-127, title II, Sec. 228, Apr. 4,
1996, 110 Stat. 963
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title IV, Sec. 402, 68
Stat. 843; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(b), 69 Stat. 286; July 18,
1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(b), 70 Stat. 558; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 8(c), 71 Stat. 361; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
II, Sec. 205(b), 72 Stat. 266; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch.
II, Sec. 205(c), 73 Stat. 250; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch.
II, Sec. 204(c), 74 Stat. 136, related to disposition of surplus
agricultural commodities and use of foreign currency proceeds.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1923, 1924 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Secs. 1923, 1924. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1923, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 403, as
added June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 205(c), 72 Stat.
266; amended July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(d), 73
Stat. 250; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(d), 74
Stat. 136, authorized the use of funds to meet responsibilities in
Germany. See section 2364(b) of this title.
Section 1924, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 404, as
added May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(e), 74 Stat.
136, related to the Indus Basin Development. See section 2223 of
this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1925 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1925. Repealed
-MISC1-
Subsecs. (a), (c), and (d), acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II,
Sec. 405(a), (c), (d), 68 Stat. 844; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec.
8(d), 69 Stat. 286; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(d), 70 Stat.
558; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 8(e), 71 Stat. 361; June
30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 205(d), ch. V, Sec. 501(13),
72 Stat. 266, 271; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec.
205(e), 73 Stat. 250; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec.
204(f), 74 Stat. 137, related to movement of migrants, refugees,
and escapees, and were repealed by Pub. L. 87-510, Sec. 6, June 28,
1962, 76 Stat. 124. See section 2601(a), (b)(1) of this title.
Subsec. (b), act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 405(b), 68
Stat. 844, which related to the use of funds to facilitate
migration of persons resident in Ryukyu Island Archipelago, was
repealed by Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961,
75 Stat. 460. See section 1945(b) of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1926, 1927 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Secs. 1926, 1927. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1926, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 406, 68
Stat. 844; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(e), 69 Stat. 286; July 18,
1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(e), 70 Stat. 558; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 8(f), 71 Stat. 361; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
II, Sec. 205(e), 72 Stat. 266; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch.
II, Sec. 205(f), 73 Stat. 250; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch.
II, Sec. 204(g), 74 Stat. 137, authorized appropriations for United
Nations Children's Fund.
Section 1927, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 407, 68
Stat. 844; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(f), 69 Stat. 286; July 18,
1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(f), 70 Stat. 558; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 8(g), 71 Stat. 361; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
II, Sec. 205(f), 72 Stat. 266; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch.
II, Sec. 205(g), 73 Stat. 250; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch.
II, Sec. 204(h), 74 Stat. 137, authorized appropriations for
contributions to Palestine refugees in Near East. See section 2221
of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1928 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1928. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-STATUTE-
(a) Authorization for expenses
In order to provide for United States participation in the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, there is authorized to be
appropriated such amounts as may be necessary from time to time for
the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of
the Organization and all necessary salaries and expenses of the
United States permanent representative to the Organization, of such
persons as may be appointed to represent the United States in the
subsidiary bodies of the Organization or in any multilateral
organization which participates in achieving the aims of the North
Atlantic Treaty, and of their appropriate staffs, and the expenses
of participation in meetings of such organizations, including
salaries, expenses, and allowances of personnel and dependents as
authorized by the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [22 U.S.C. 3901 et
seq.], and allowances and expenses as provided in section 287r of
this title.
(b) Appointment of personal representative
The United States permanent representative to the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization shall be appointed by the President by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate and shall hold office at the
pleasure of the President. Such representative shall have the rank
and status of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary and
shall be a chief of mission under the Foreign Service Act of 1980
[22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.].
(c) Duration of staff service
Persons detailed to the international staff of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization in accordance with section 2388 of this title
who are members of the Foreign Service serving under limited
appointments may serve for periods of more than five years
notwithstanding the limitation in section 309 of the Foreign
Service Act of 1980 [22 U.S.C. 3949].
-SOURCE-
(Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title IV, Sec. 408, 68 Stat. 845; Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 8(h), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 361; Pub. L. 86-108, ch.
II, Sec. 205(h), July 24, 1959, 73 Stat. 250; Pub. L. 96-465, title
II, Sec. 2206(a)(6), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2161.)
-REFTEXT-
REFERENCES IN TEXT
The Foreign Service Act of 1980, referred to in subsecs. (a) and
(b), is Pub. L. 96-465, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2071, as amended,
which is classified principally to chapter 52 (Sec. 3901 et seq.)
of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code,
see Short Title note set out under section 3901 of this title and
Tables.
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1980 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96-465, Sec. 2206(a)(6)(A),
substituted "Foreign Service Act of 1980" for "Foreign Service Act
of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 801),".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96-465, Sec. 2206(a)(6)(B), substituted
"chief of mission under the Foreign Service Act of 1980" for "chief
of mission, class 1, within the meaning of the Foreign Service Act
of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 801)".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96-465, Sec. 2206(a)(6)(C), among other
changes, substituted references to sections 2388 and 3949 of this
title for references to sections 1789 and 922 of this title,
respectively, and reference to members of the Foreign Service for
reference to Foreign Service Reserve officers.
1959 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86-108 substituted "five years" for
"four years".
1957 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85-141 struck out provisions
authorizing appropriations of not more than $3,200,000 for the
fiscal year 1955.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 96-465 effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as
otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96-465, set out as
an Effective Date note under section 3901 of this title.
ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS
Annual appropriations to meet the obligations of membership in
various international organizations were contained in acts listed
in a note set out under section 269a of this title.
GERALD B. H. SOLOMON FREEDOM CONSOLIDATION ACT
Pub. L. 107-187, June 10, 2002, 116 Stat. 590, provided that:
"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
"This Act may be cited as the 'Gerald B. H. Solomon Freedom
Consolidation Act of 2002'.
"SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
"The Congress makes the following findings:
"(1) In the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public
Law 103-447; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress declared that 'full
and active participants in the Partnership for Peace in a
position to further the principles of the North Atlantic Treaty
and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area
should be invited to become full NATO members in accordance with
Article 10 of such Treaty at an early date . . .'.
"(2) In the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 (title VI
of section 101(c) of title I of division A of Public Law 104-208;
22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress called for the prompt admission of
Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia to NATO, and
declared that 'in order to promote economic stability and
security in Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, and Ukraine . . . the process of
enlarging NATO to include emerging democracies in Central and
Eastern Europe should not be limited to consideration of
admitting Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia as
full members of the NATO Alliance'.
"(3) In the European Security Act of 1998 (title XXVII of
division G of Public Law 105-277; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress
declared that 'Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic should not
be the last emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe
invited to join NATO' and that 'Romania, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, and Bulgaria . . . would make an outstanding
contribution to furthering the goals of NATO and enhancing
stability, freedom, and peace in Europe should they become NATO
members [and] upon complete satisfaction of all relevant criteria
should be invited to become full NATO members at the earliest
possible date'.
"(4) At the Madrid Summit of the NATO Alliance in July 1997,
Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic were invited to join the
Alliance in the first round of NATO enlargement, and the NATO
heads of state and government issued a declaration stating '[t]he
Alliance expects to extend further invitations in coming years to
nations willing and able to assume the responsibilities and
obligations of membership . . . [n]o European democratic country
whose admission would fulfill the objectives of the [North
Atlantic] Treaty will be excluded from consideration'.
"(5) At the Washington Summit of the NATO Alliance in April
1999, the NATO heads of state and government issued a communique
declaring '[w]e pledge that NATO will continue to welcome new
members in a position to further the principles of the [North
Atlantic] Treaty and contribute to peace and security in the
Euro-Atlantic area . . . [t]he three new members will not be the
last . . . [n]o European democratic country whose admission would
fulfill the objectives of the Treaty will be excluded from
consideration, regardless of its geographic location . . .'.
"(6) In late 2002, NATO will hold a summit in Prague, the Czech
Republic, at which it will decide which additional emerging
democracies in Central and Eastern Europe to invite to join the
Alliance in the next round of NATO enlargement.
"(7) In May 2000 in Vilnius, Lithuania, the foreign ministers
of Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia
issued a statement (later joined by Croatia) declaring that their
countries will cooperate in jointly seeking NATO membership in
the next round of NATO enlargement, that the realization of NATO
membership by one or more of these countries would be a success
for all, and that eventual NATO membership for all of these
countries would be a success for Europe and NATO.
"(8) On June 15, 2001, in a speech in Warsaw, Poland, President
George W. Bush stated '[a]ll of Europe's new democracies, from
the Baltic to the Black Sea and all that lie between, should have
the same chance for security and freedom - and the same chance to
join the institutions of Europe - as Europe's old democracies
have . . . I believe in NATO membership for all of Europe's
democracies that seek it and are ready to share the
responsibilities that NATO brings . . . [a]s we plan to enlarge
NATO, no nation should be used as a pawn in the agenda of others
. . . [w]e will not trade away the fate of free European peoples
. . . [n]o more Munichs . . . [n]o more Yaltas . . . [a]s we plan
the Prague Summit, we should not calculate how little we can get
away with, but how much we can do to advance the cause of
freedom'.
"(9) On October 22, 1996, in a speech in Detroit, Michigan,
former President William J. Clinton stated 'NATO's doors will not
close behind its first new members . . . NATO should remain open
to all of Europe's emerging democracies who are ready to shoulder
the responsibilities of membership . . . [n]o nation will be
automatically excluded . . . [n]o country outside NATO will have
a veto . . . [a] gray zone of insecurity must not reemerge in
Europe'.
"SEC. 3. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY.
"Congress -
"(1) reaffirms its previous expressions of support for
continued enlargement of the NATO Alliance contained in the NATO
Participation Act of 1994 [title II of Pub. L. 103-447, set out
as a note below], the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996
[section 101(c) [title VI] of div. A of Pub. L. 104-208, set out
as a note below], and the European Security Act of 1998 [title
XXVII of div. G of Pub. L. 105-277, set out as a note below];
"(2) supports the commitment to further enlargement of the NATO
Alliance expressed by the Alliance in its Madrid Declaration of
1997 and its Washington Summit Communique of 1999; and
"(3) endorses the vision of further enlargement of the NATO
Alliance articulated by President George W. Bush on June 15,
2001, and by former President William J. Clinton on October 22,
1996, and urges our NATO allies to work with the United States to
realize this vision at the Prague Summit in 2002.
"SEC. 4. DESIGNATION OF SLOVAKIA TO RECEIVE ASSISTANCE UNDER THE
NATO PARTICIPATION ACT OF 1994.
"(a) In General. - Slovakia is designated as eligible to receive
assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of
the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public Law 103-447;
22 U.S.C. 1928 note) and shall be deemed to have been so designated
pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act.
"(b) Rule of Construction. - The designation of Slovakia pursuant
to subsection (a) as eligible to receive assistance under the
program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation
Act of 1994 -
"(1) is in addition to the designation of Poland, Hungary, the
Czech Republic, and Slovenia pursuant to section 606 of the NATO
Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 (title VI of section 101(c)
of title I of division A of Public Law 104-208; 22 U.S.C. 1928
note) and the designation of Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
and Bulgaria pursuant to section 2703(b) of the European Security
Act of 1998 (title XXVII of division G of Public Law 105-277; 22
U.S.C. 1928 note) as eligible to receive assistance under the
program established under section 203(a) of the NATO
Participation Act of 1994; and
"(2) shall not preclude the designation by the President of
other emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe pursuant
to section 203(d)(2) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 as
eligible to receive assistance under the program established
under section 203(a) of such Act.
"SEC. 5. AUTHORIZATION OF SECURITY ASSISTANCE FOR COUNTRIES
DESIGNATED UNDER THE NATO PARTICIPATION ACT OF 1994.
"(a) Authorization of Foreign Military Financing. - Of the
amounts made available for fiscal year 2002 under section 23 of the
Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2763) -
"(1) $6,500,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis
for Estonia;
"(2) $7,000,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis
for Latvia;
"(3) $7,500,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis
for Lithuania;
"(4) $8,500,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis
for Slovakia;
"(5) $4,500,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis
for Slovenia;
"(6) $10,000,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis
for Bulgaria; and
"(7) $11,500,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis
for Romania.
"(b) Conforming Amendment. - Subsection (a) of section 515 of the
Security Assistance Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-280) [114 Stat.
858] is amended by striking paragraphs (1), (5), (6), (7), and (8)
and redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (9) as paragraphs
(1) through (4), respectively."
REPORTS ON BURDENSHARING OF FUTURE NATO OPERATIONS
Pub. L. 106-398, Sec. 1 [[div. A], title XII, Sec. 1221(b)-(d)],
Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-328, provided that:
"(b) Report on Burdensharing of Future NATO Operations. -
Whenever the North Atlantic Treaty Organization undertakes a
military operation, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the
Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on
Armed Services of the House of Representatives a report describing
-
"(1) the contributions to that operation made by each of the
member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during
that operation; and
"(2) the contributions that each of the member nations of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization are making or have pledged to
make during any follow-on operation.
"(c) Time for Submission of Report. - A report under subsection
(b) shall be submitted not later than 90 days after the completion
of the military operation.
"(d) Applicability. - Subsection (b) shall apply only with
respect to military operations begun after the date of the
enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 2000]."
EUROPEAN SECURITY
Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXVII, Oct. 21, 1998,
112 Stat. 2681-839, as amended by Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec.
1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, Sec. 209(d)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113
Stat. 1536, 1501A-423, provided that:
"SEC. 2701. SHORT TITLE.
"This title may be cited as the 'European Security Act of 1998'.
"SEC. 2702. STATEMENT OF POLICY.
"(a) Policy With Respect to NATO Enlargement. - Congress urges
the President to outline a clear and complete strategic rationale
for the enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), and declares that -
"(1) Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic should not be the
last emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe invited
to join NATO;
"(2) the United States should ensure that NATO continues a
process whereby all other emerging democracies in Central and
Eastern Europe that wish to join NATO will be considered for
membership in NATO as soon as they meet the criteria for such
membership;
"(3) the United States should ensure that no limitations are
placed on the numbers of NATO troops or types of equipment,
including tactical nuclear weapons, to be deployed on the
territory of new member states;
"(4) the United States should reject all efforts to condition
NATO decisions on review or approval by the United Nations
Security Council;
"(5) the United States should clearly delineate those NATO
deliberations, including but not limited to discussions on arms
control, further Alliance enlargement, procurement matters, and
strategic doctrine, that are not subject to review or discussion
in the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council;
"(6) the United States should work to ensure that countries
invited to join the Alliance are provided an immediate seat in
NATO discussions; and
"(7) the United States already pays more than a proportionate
share of the costs of the common defense of Europe and should
obtain, in advance, agreement on an equitable distribution of the
cost of NATO enlargement to ensure that the United States does
not continue to bear a disproportionate burden.
"(b) Policy With Respect to Negotiations With Russia. -
"(1) Implementation. - NATO enlargement should be carried out
in such a manner as to underscore the Alliance's defensive nature
and demonstrate to Russia that NATO enlargement will enhance the
security of all countries in Europe, including Russia.
Accordingly, the United States and its NATO allies should make
this intention clear in negotiations with Russia, including
negotiations regarding adaptation of the Conventional Armed
Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty of November 19, 1990.
"(2) Limitations on commitments to russia. - In seeking to
demonstrate to Russia NATO's defensive and security-enhancing
intentions, it is essential that neither fundamental United
States security interests in Europe nor the effectiveness and
flexibility of NATO as a defensive alliance be jeopardized. In
particular, no commitments should be made to Russia that would
have the effect of -
"(A) extending rights or imposing responsibilities on new
NATO members different from those applicable to current NATO
members, including rights or responsibilities with respect to
the deployment of nuclear weapons and the stationing of troops
and equipment from other NATO members;
"(B) limiting the ability of NATO to defend the territory of
new NATO members by, for example, restricting the construction
of defense infrastructure or limiting the ability of NATO to
deploy necessary reinforcements;
"(C) providing any international organization, or any country
that is not a member of NATO, with authority to delay, veto, or
otherwise impede deliberations and decisions of the North
Atlantic Council or the implementation of such decisions,
including deliberations and decisions with respect to the
deployment of NATO forces or the admission of additional
members to NATO;
"(D) impeding the development of enhanced relations between
NATO and other European countries that do not belong to the
Alliance;
"(E) establishing a nuclear weapons-free zone in Central or
Eastern Europe;
"(F) requiring NATO to subsidize Russian arms sales, service,
or support to the militaries of those former Warsaw Pact
countries invited to join the Alliance; or
"(G) legitimizing Russian efforts to link concessions in arms
control negotiations to NATO enlargement.
"(3) Commitments from russia. - In order to enhance security
and stability in Europe, the United States should seek
commitments from Russia -
"(A) to demarcate and respect all its borders with
neighboring states;
"(B) to achieve the immediate and complete withdrawal of any
armed forces and military equipment under the control of Russia
that are deployed on the territories of the independent states
of the former Soviet Union without the full and complete
agreement of those states;
"(C) to station its armed forces on the territory of other
states only with the full and complete agreement of that state
and in strict accordance with international law; and
"(D) to take steps to reduce further its nuclear and
conventional forces in Kaliningrad.
"(4) Consultations. - As negotiations on adaptation of the
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe proceed, the United
States should engage in close and continuous consultations not
only with its NATO allies, but also with the emerging democracies
of Central and Eastern Europe, Ukraine, and the South Caucasus.
"(c) Policy With Respect to Ballistic Missile Defense
Cooperation. -
"(1) In general. - As the United States proceeds with efforts
to develop defenses against ballistic missile attack, it should
seek to foster a climate of cooperation with Russia on matters
related to missile defense. In particular, the United States and
its NATO allies should seek to cooperate with Russia in such
areas as early warning.
"(2) Discussions with nato allies. - The United States should
initiate discussions with its NATO allies for the purpose of
examining the feasibility of deploying a ballistic missile
defense capable of protecting NATO's southern and eastern flanks
from a limited ballistic missile attack.
"(3) Constitutional prerogatives. - Even as the Congress seeks
to promote ballistic missile defense cooperation with Russia, it
must insist on its constitutional prerogatives regarding
consideration of arms control agreements with Russia that bear on
ballistic missile defense.
"SEC. 2703. AUTHORITIES RELATING TO NATO ENLARGEMENT.
"(a) Policy of Section. - This section is enacted in order to
implement the policy set forth in section 2702(a).
"(b) Designation of Additional Countries Eligible for NATO
Enlargement Assistance. -
"(1) Designation of additional countries. - Romania, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria are each designated as eligible
to receive assistance under the program established under section
203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [Pub. L. 103-447,
title II] (22 U.S.C. 1928 note) and shall be deemed to have been
so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act.
"(2) Rule of construction. - The designation of countries
pursuant to paragraph (1) as eligible to receive assistance under
the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO
Participation Act of 1994 -
"(A) is in addition to the designation of other countries by
law or pursuant to section 203(d)(2) of such Act as eligible to
receive assistance under the program established under section
203(a) of such Act; and
"(B) shall not preclude the designation by the President of
other emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe
pursuant to section 203(d)(2) of such Act as eligible to
receive assistance under the program established under section
203(a) of such Act.
"(3) Sense of congress. - It is the sense of Congress that
Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria -
"(A) are to be commended for their progress toward political
and economic reform and meeting the guidelines for prospective
NATO members;
"(B) would make an outstanding contribution to furthering the
goals of NATO and enhancing stability, freedom, and peace in
Europe should they become NATO members; and
"(C) upon complete satisfaction of all relevant criteria
should be invited to become full NATO members at the earliest
possible date.
"(c) Regional Airspace Initiative and Partnership for Peace
Information Management System. -
"(1) In general. - Funds described in paragraph (2) are
authorized to be made available to support the implementation of
the Regional Airspace Initiative and the Partnership for Peace
Information Management System, including -
"(A) the procurement of items in support of these programs;
and
"(B) the transfer of such items to countries participating in
these programs.
"(2) Funds described. - Funds described in this paragraph are
funds that are available -
"(A) during any fiscal year under the NATO Participation Act
of 1994 [Pub. L. 103-447, title II, set out as a note below]
with respect to countries eligible for assistance under that
Act; or
"(B) during fiscal year 1998 under any Act to carry out the
Warsaw Initiative.
"(d) Extension of Authority Regarding Excess Defense Articles. -
[Amended section 105 of Pub. L. 104-164, 110 Stat. 1427.]
"(e) Conforming Amendments to the NATO Participation Act of 1994.
- [Amended section 203(c) of Pub. L. 103-447, set out in a note
below.]
"SEC. 2704. SENSE OF CONGRESS WITH RESPECT TO THE TREATY ON
CONVENTIONAL ARMED FORCES IN EUROPE.
"It is the sense of Congress that no revisions to the Treaty on
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe will be approved for entry into
force with respect to the United States that jeopardize fundamental
United States security interests in Europe or the effectiveness and
flexibility of NATO as a defensive alliance by -
"(1) extending rights or imposing responsibilities on new NATO
members different from those applicable to current NATO members,
including rights or responsibilities with respect to the
deployment of nuclear weapons and the stationing of troops and
equipment from other NATO members;
"(2) limiting the ability of NATO to defend the territory of
new NATO members by, for example, restricting the construction of
defense infrastructure or limiting the ability of NATO to deploy
necessary reinforcements;
"(3) providing any international organization, or any country
that is not a member of NATO, with the authority to delay, veto,
or otherwise impede deliberations and decisions of the North
Atlantic Council or the implementation of such decisions,
including deliberations and decisions with respect to the
deployment of NATO forces or the admission of additional members
to NATO; or
"(4) impeding the development of enhanced relations between
NATO and other European countries that do not belong to the
Alliance.
"SEC. 2705. RESTRICTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO BALLISTIC
MISSILE DEFENSE.
"(a) Policy of Section. - This section is enacted in order to
implement the policy set forth in section 2702(c).
"(b) Restriction on Entry Into Force of ABM/TMD Demarcation
Agreements. - An ABM/TMD demarcation agreement shall not be binding
on the United States, and shall not enter into force with respect
to the United States, unless, after the date of enactment of this
Act [Oct. 21, 1998], that agreement is specifically approved with
the advice and consent of the United States Senate pursuant to
Article II, section 2, clause 2 of the Constitution.
"(c) Sense of Congress With Respect to Demarcation Agreements. -
"(1) Relationship to multilateralization of abm treaty. - It is
the sense of Congress that no ABM/TMD demarcation agreement will
be considered for advice and consent to ratification unless,
consistent with the certification of the President pursuant to
condition (9) of the resolution of ratification of the CFE Flank
Document, the President submits for Senate advice and consent to
ratification any agreement, arrangement, or understanding that
would -
"(A) add one or more countries as State Parties to the ABM
Treaty, or otherwise convert the ABM Treaty from a bilateral
treaty to a multilateral treaty; or
"(B) change the geographic scope or coverage of the ABM
Treaty, or otherwise modify the meaning of the term 'national
territory' as used in Article VI and Article IX of the ABM
Treaty.
"(2) Preservation of united states theater ballistic missile
defense potential. - It is the sense of Congress that no ABM/TMD
demarcation agreement that would reduce the capabilities of
United States theater missile defense systems, or the numbers or
deployment patterns of such systems, will be approved for entry
into force with respect to the United States.
"(d) Report on Cooperative Projects With Russia. - Not later than
January 1, 1999, January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2001, the
President shall submit to the Committees on International
Relations, National Security [now Armed Services], and
Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees
on Foreign Relations, Armed Services, and Appropriations of the
Senate a report on cooperative projects with Russia in the area of
ballistic missile defense, including in the area of early warning.
Each such report shall include the following:
"(1) Cooperative projects. - A description of all cooperative
projects conducted in the area of early warning and ballistic
missile defense during the preceding fiscal year and the fiscal
year during which the report is submitted.
"(2) Funding. - A description of the funding for such projects
during the preceding fiscal year and the year during which the
report is submitted and the proposed funding for such projects
for the next fiscal year.
"(3) Status of dialogue or discussions. - A description of the
status of any dialogue or discussions conducted during the
preceding fiscal year between the United States and Russia aimed
at exploring the potential for mutual accommodation of
outstanding issues between the two nations on matters relating to
ballistic missile defense and the ABM Treaty, including the
possibility of developing a strategic relationship not based on
mutual nuclear threats.
"(e) Definitions. - In this section:
"(1) ABM/TMD demarcation agreement. - The term 'ABM/TMD
demarcation agreement' means any agreement that establishes a
demarcation between theater ballistic missile defense systems and
strategic antiballistic missile defense systems for purposes of
the ABM Treaty.
"(2) ABM treaty. - The term 'ABM Treaty' means the Treaty
Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile
Systems, signed at Moscow on May 26, 1972 (23 UST 3435), and
includes the Protocols to that Treaty, signed at Moscow on July
3, 1974 (27 UST 1645)."
[Memorandum of President of the United States, Mar. 3, 2000, 66
F.R. 3851, delegated to the Secretary of Defense the duties and
responsibilities of the President under section 2705(d) of div. G
of Pub. L. 105-277, set out above, with such duties and
responsibilities to be exercised subject to the concurrence of the
Secretary of State, authorized redelegation not lower than the
Under Secretary level of the delegated reporting requirements, and
provided that the Department of Defense was to obtain clearance on
the report from the Office of Management and Budget prior to its
submission to Congress.]
LIMITATION ON UNITED STATES SHARE OF COSTS OF NATO EXPANSION
Pub. L. 105-261, div. A, title XII, Sec. 1221, Oct. 17, 1998, 112
Stat. 2152, provided that:
"(a) Limitation. - The United States share of defined NATO
expansion costs may not exceed the lesser of -
"(1) the amount equal to 25 percent of those costs; or
"(2) $2,000,000,000.
"(b) Defined NATO Expansion Costs. - For purposes of subsection
(a), the term 'defined NATO expansion costs' means the commonly
funded costs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
during fiscal years 1999 through 2011 for enlargement of NATO due
to the admission to NATO of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech
Republic."
REPORTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENSE IDENTITY
Pub. L. 105-261, div. A, title XII, Sec. 1223, Oct. 17, 1998, 112
Stat. 2154, as amended by Pub. L. 106-65, div. A, title X, Sec.
1067(3), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 774, provided that:
"(a) Requirement for Reports. - The Secretary of Defense shall
submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the
Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives in
accordance with this section reports on the development of the
European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) within the NATO
Alliance that would enable the Western European Union (WEU), with
the consent of the NATO Alliance, to assume the political control
and strategic direction of NATO assets and capabilities made
available by the Alliance.
"(b) Reports To Be Submitted. - The reports required to be
submitted under subsection (a) are as follows:
"(1) An initial report, submitted not later than December 15,
1998, that contains a discussion of the actions taken, and the
plans for future actions, to build the European Security and
Defense Identity, together with the matters required under
subsection (c).
"(2) A semiannual report on the progress made toward
establishing the European Security and Defense Identity,
submitted not later than June 15 and December 15 of each year
after 1998.
"(c) Content of Reports. - The Secretary shall include in each
report under this section the following:
"(1) A discussion of the arrangements between NATO and the
Western European Union for the release, transfer, monitoring,
return, and recall of NATO assets and capabilities.
"(2) A discussion of the development of such planning and other
capabilities by the Western European Union that are necessary to
provide political control and strategic direction of NATO assets
and capabilities.
"(3) A discussion of the development of terms of reference for
the Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, with respect to the
European Security and Defense Identity.
"(4) A discussion of the arrangements for the assignment or
appointment of NATO officers to serve in two positions
concurrently (commonly referred to as 'dual-hatting').
"(5) A discussion of the development of the Combined Joint Task
Force (CJTF) concept, including lessons-learned from the NATO-led
Stabilization Force in Bosnia.
"(6) Identification within the NATO Alliance of the types of
separable but not separate capabilities, assets, and support
assets for Western European Union-led operations.
"(7) Identification of separable but not separate headquarters,
headquarters elements, and command positions for command and
conduct of Western European Union-led operations.
"(8) The conduct by NATO, at the request of and in coordination
with the Western European Union, of military planning and
exercises for illustrative missions.
"(9) A discussion of the arrangements between NATO and the
Western European Union for the sharing of information, including
intelligence.
"(10) Such other information as the Secretary considers useful
for a complete understanding of the establishment of the European
Security and Defense Identity within the NATO Alliance.
"(d) Termination of Reporting Requirement. - The requirement to
submit reports under subsection (b)(2) terminates upon the
submission by the Secretary under that subsection of a report in
which the Secretary states that the European Security and Defense
Identity has been fully established."
NATO ENLARGEMENT FACILITATION
Pub. L. 104-208, div. A, title I, Sec. 101(c) [title VI], Sept.
30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-121, 3009-173, provided that:
"SEC. 601. SHORT TITLE.
"This title may be cited as the 'NATO Enlargement Facilitation
Act of 1996'.
"SEC. 602. FINDINGS.
"The Congress makes the following findings:
"(1) Since 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
has played an essential role in guaranteeing the security,
freedom, and prosperity of the United States and its partners in
the Alliance.
"(2) The NATO Alliance is, and has been since its inception,
purely defensive in character, and it poses no threat to any
nation. The enlargement of the NATO Alliance to include as full
and equal members emerging democracies in Central and Eastern
Europe will serve to reinforce stability and security in Europe
by fostering their integration into the structures which have
created and sustained peace in Europe since 1945. Their admission
into NATO will not threaten any nation. America's security,
freedom, and prosperity remain linked to the security of the
countries of Europe.
"(3) The sustained commitment of the member countries of NATO
to a mutual defense has made possible the democratic
transformation of Central and Eastern Europe. Members of the
Alliance can and should play a critical role in addressing the
security challenges of the post-Cold War era and in creating the
stable environment needed for those emerging democracies in
Central and Eastern Europe to successfully complete political and
economic transformation.
"(4) The United States continues to regard the political
independence and territorial integrity of all emerging
democracies in Central and Eastern Europe as vital to European
peace and security.
"(5) The active involvement by the countries of Central and
Eastern Europe has made the Partnership for Peace program an
important forum to foster cooperation between NATO and those
countries seeking NATO membership.
"(6) NATO has enlarged its membership on 3 different occasions
since 1949.
"(7) Congress supports the admission of qualified new members
to NATO and the European Union at an early date and has sought to
facilitate the admission of qualified new members into NATO.
"(8) Lasting security and stability in Europe requires not only
the military integration of emerging democracies in Central and
Eastern Europe into existing European structures, but also the
eventual economic and political integration of these countries
into existing European structures.
"(9) As new members of NATO assume the responsibilities of
Alliance membership, the costs of maintaining stability in Europe
should be shared more widely. Facilitation of the enlargement
process will require current members of NATO, and the United
States in particular, to demonstrate the political will needed to
build on successful ongoing programs such as the Warsaw
Initiative and the Partnership for Peace by making available the
resources necessary to supplement efforts prospective new members
are themselves undertaking.
"(10) New members will be full members of the Alliance,
enjoying all rights and assuming all the obligations under the
North Atlantic Treaty, signed at Washington on April 4, 1949
(hereafter in this Act referred to as the 'Washington Treaty').
"(11) In order to assist emerging democracies in Central and
Eastern Europe that have expressed interest in joining NATO to be
prepared to assume the responsibilities of NATO membership, the
United States should encourage and support efforts by such
countries to develop force structures and force modernization
priorities that will enable such countries to contribute to the
full range of NATO missions, including, most importantly,
territorial defense of the Alliance.
"(12) Cooperative regional peacekeeping initiatives involving
emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe that have
expressed interest in joining NATO, such as the Baltic
Peacekeeping Battalion, the Polish-Lithuanian Joint Peacekeeping
Force, and the Polish-Ukrainian Peacekeeping Force, can make an
important contribution to European peace and security and
international peacekeeping efforts, can assist those countries
preparing to assume the responsibilities of possible NATO
membership, and accordingly should receive appropriate support
from the United States.
"(13) NATO remains the only multilateral security organization
capable of conducting effective military operations and
preserving security and stability of the Euro-Atlantic region.
"(14) NATO is an important diplomatic forum and has played a
positive role in defusing tensions between members of the
Alliance and, as a result, no military action has occurred
between two Alliance member states since the inception of NATO in
1949.
"(15) The admission to NATO of emerging democracies in Central
and Eastern Europe which are found to be in a position to further
the principles of the Washington Treaty would contribute to
international peace and enhance the security of the region.
Countries which have become democracies and established market
economies, which practice good neighborly relations, and which
have established effective democratic civilian control over their
defense establishments and attained a degree of interoperability
with NATO, should be evaluated for their potential to further the
principles of the Washington Treaty.
"(16) Democratic civilian control of defense forces is an
essential element in the process of preparation for those states
interested in possible NATO membership.
"(17) Protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and
human rights is an integral aspect of genuine security, and in
evaluating requests for membership in NATO, the human rights
records of the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe
should be evaluated according to their commitments to fulfill in
good faith the human rights obligations of the Charter of the
United Nations, the principles of the Universal Declaration on
Human Rights, and the Helsinki Final Act.
"(18) A number of Central and Eastern European countries have
expressed interest in NATO membership, and have taken concrete
steps to demonstrate this commitment, including their
participation in Partnership for Peace activities.
"(19) The Caucasus region remains important geographically and
politically to the future security of Central Europe. As NATO
proceeds with the process of enlargement, the United States and
NATO should continue to examine means to strengthen the
sovereignty and enhance the security of United Nations recognized
countries in that region.
"(20) In recognition that not all countries which have
requested membership in NATO will necessarily qualify at the same
pace, the accession date for each new member will vary.
"(21) The provision of additional NATO transition assistance
should include those emerging democracies most ready for closer
ties with NATO and should be designed to assist other countries
meeting specified criteria of eligibility to move forward toward
eventual NATO membership.
"(22) The Congress of the United States finds in particular
that Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic have made
significant progress toward achieving the criteria set forth in
section 203(d)(3) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [Pub. L.
103-447, set out in a note below] and should be eligible for the
additional assistance described in this Act.
"(23) The evaluation of future membership in NATO for emerging
democracies in Central and Eastern Europe should be based on the
progress of those nations in meeting criteria for NATO
membership, which require enhancement of NATO's security and the
approval of all NATO members.
"(24) The process of NATO enlargement entails the consensus
agreement of the governments of all 16 NATO members and
ratification in accordance with their constitutional procedures.
"(25) Some NATO members, such as Spain and Norway, do not allow
the deployment of nuclear weapons on their territory although
they are accorded the full collective security guarantees
provided by Article 5 of the Washington Treaty. There is no a
priori requirement for the stationing of nuclear weapons on the
territory of new NATO members, particularly in the current
security climate. However, NATO retains the right to alter its
security posture at any time as circumstances warrant.
"SEC. 603. UNITED STATES POLICY.
"It is the policy of the United States -
"(1) to join with the NATO allies of the United States to adapt
the role of the NATO Alliance in the post-Cold War world;
"(2) to actively assist the emerging democracies in Central and
Eastern Europe in their transition so that such countries may
eventually qualify for NATO membership;
"(3) to support the enlargement of NATO in recognition that
enlargement will benefit the interests of the United States and
the Alliance and to consider these benefits in any analysis of
the costs of NATO enlargement;
"(4) to ensure that all countries in Central and Eastern Europe
are fully aware of and capable of assuming the costs and
responsibilities of NATO membership, including the obligation set
forth in Article 10 of the Washington Treaty that new members be
able to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area;
and
"(5) to work to define a constructive and cooperative political
and security relationship between an enlarged NATO and the
Russian Federation.
"SEC. 604. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS REGARDING FURTHER ENLARGEMENT OF
NATO.
"It is the sense of the Congress that in order to promote
economic stability and security in Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, and Ukraine -
"(1) the United States should continue and expand its support
for the full and active participation of these countries in
activities appropriate for qualifying for NATO membership;
"(2) the United States Government should use all diplomatic
means available to press the European Union to admit as soon as
possible any country which qualifies for membership;
"(3) the United States Government and the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization should continue and expand their support for
military exercises and peacekeeping initiatives between and among
these nations, nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
and Russia; and
"(4) the process of enlarging NATO to include emerging
democracies in Central and Eastern Europe should not be limited
to consideration of admitting Poland, Hungary, the Czech
Republic, and Slovenia as full members of the NATO Alliance.
"SEC. 605. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS REGARDING ESTONIA, LATVIA AND
LITHUANIA.
"In view of the forcible incorporation of Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania into the Soviet Union in 1940 under the
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the refusal of the United States and
other countries to recognize that incorporation for over 50 years,
it is the sense of the Congress that -
"(1) Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have valid historical
security concerns that must be taken into account by the United
States; and
"(2) Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania should not be disadvantaged
in seeking to join NATO by virtue of their forcible incorporation
into the Soviet Union.
"SEC. 606. DESIGNATION OF COUNTRIES ELIGIBLE FOR NATO ENLARGEMENT
ASSISTANCE.
"(a) In General. - The following countries are designated as
eligible to receive assistance under the program established under
section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [Pub. L.
103-447, set out in a note below] and shall be deemed to have been
so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act: Poland,
Hungary, and the Czech Republic.
"(b) Designation of Slovenia. - Effective 90 days after the date
of enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 1996], Slovenia is designated
as eligible to receive assistance under the program established
under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994, and
shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section
203(d) of such Act, unless the President certifies to Congress
prior to such effective date that Slovenia fails to meet the
criteria under section 203(d)(3) of such Act.
"(c) Designation of Other Countries. - The President shall
designate other emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe
as eligible to receive assistance under the program established
under section 203(a) of such Act if such countries -
"(1) have expressed a clear desire to join NATO;
"(2) have begun an individualized dialogue with NATO in
preparation for accession;
"(3) are strategically significant to an effective NATO
defense; and
"(4) meet the other criteria outlined in section 203(d)(3) of
the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public Law
103-447; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note).
"(d) Rule of Construction. - Nothing in this section precludes
the designation by the President of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, Ukraine, or any
other emerging democracy in Central and Eastern Europe pursuant to
section 203(d) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 as eligible to
receive assistance under the program established under section
203(a) of such Act.
"SEC. 607. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR NATO ENLARGEMENT
ASSISTANCE.
"(a) In General. - There are authorized to be appropriated
$60,000,000 for fiscal year 1997 for the program established under
section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [Pub. L.
103-447, set out in a note below].
"(b) Availability. - Of the funds authorized to be appropriated
by subsection (a) -
"(1) not less than $20,000,000 shall be available for the cost,
as defined in section 502(5) of the [Federal] Credit Reform Act
of 1990 [2 U.S.C. 661a(5)], of direct loans pursuant to the
authority of section 203(c)(4) of the NATO Participation Act of
1994 (relating to the 'Foreign Military Financing Program');
"(2) not less than $30,000,000 shall be available for
assistance on a grant basis pursuant to the authority of section
203(c)(4) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (relating to the
'Foreign Military Financing Program'); and
"(3) not more than $10,000,000 shall be available for
assistance pursuant to the authority of section 203(c)(3) of the
NATO Participation Act of 1994 (relating to international
military education and training).
"(c) Rule of Construction. - Amounts authorized to be
appropriated under this section are authorized to be appropriated
in addition to such amounts as otherwise may be available for such
purposes.
"SEC. 608. REGIONAL AIRSPACE INITIATIVE AND PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
"(a) In General. - To the extent provided in advance in
appropriations acts for such purposes, funds described in
subsection (b) are authorized to be made available to support the
implementation of the Regional Airspace Initiative and the
Partnership for Peace Information Management System, including -
"(1) the procurement of items in support of these programs; and
"(2) the transfer of such items to countries participating in
these programs.
"(b) Funds Described. - Funds described in this subsection are
funds that are available -
"(1) during any fiscal year under the NATO Participation Act of
1994 [Pub. L. 103-447, set out as a note below] with respect to
countries eligible for assistance under that Act; or
"(2) during fiscal year 1997 under any Act to carry out the
Warsaw Initiative.
"SEC. 609. EXCESS DEFENSE ARTICLES.
"(a) Priority Delivery. - Notwithstanding any other provision of
law, the delivery of excess defense articles under the authority of
section 203(c)(1) and (2) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994
[Pub. L. 103-447, set out in a note below] and section 516 of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2321j] shall be given
priority to the maximum extent feasible over the delivery of such
excess defense articles to all other countries except those
countries referred to in section 541 of the Foreign Operations,
Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1995
(Public Law 103-306; 108 Stat. 1640).
"(b) Cooperative Regional Peacekeeping Initiatives. - The
Congress encourages the President to provide excess defense
articles and other appropriate assistance to cooperative regional
peacekeeping initiatives involving emerging democracies in Central
and Eastern Europe that have expressed an interest in joining NATO
in order to enhance their ability to contribute to European peace
and security and international peacekeeping efforts.
"SEC. 610. MODERNIZATION OF DEFENSE CAPABILITY.
"The Congress endorses efforts by the United States to modernize
the defense capability of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic,
Slovenia, and any other countries designated by the President
pursuant to section 203(d) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994
[Pub. L. 103-447, set out in a note below], by exploring with such
countries options for the sale or lease to such countries of
weapons systems compatible with those used by NATO members,
including air defense systems, advanced fighter aircraft, and
telecommunications infrastructure.
"SEC. 611. TERMINATION OF ELIGIBILITY.
"(a) Termination of Eligibility. - The eligibility of a country
designated pursuant to subsection (a) or (b) of section 606 or
pursuant to section 203(d) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994
[Pub. L. 103-447, set out in a note below] may be terminated upon a
determination by the President that such country does not meet the
criteria set forth in section 203(d)(3) of the NATO Participation
Act of 1994.
"(b) Notification. - At least 15 days before terminating the
eligibility of any country pursuant to subsection (a), the
President shall notify the congressional committees specified in
section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C.
2394-1] in accordance with the procedures applicable to
reprogramming notifications under that section.
"SEC. 612. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO THE NATO PARTICIPATION ACT.
"[Amended section 203 of Pub. L. 103-447, set out in a note
below.]"
DEFENSE BURDENSHARING
Pub. L. 105-85, div. A, title XII, Sec. 1221, Nov. 18, 1997, 111
Stat. 1935, as amended by Pub. L. 105-261, div. A, title XII, Sec.
1233, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2156; Pub. L. 106-398, Sec. 1 [[div.
A], title X, Sec. 1087(e)(2)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654,
1654A-293, provided that:
"(a) Efforts To Increase Allied Burdensharing. - The President
shall seek to have each nation that has cooperative military
relations with the United States (including security agreements,
basing arrangements, or mutual participation in multinational
military organizations or operations) take one or more of the
following actions:
"(1) For any nation in which United States military personnel
are assigned to permanent duty ashore, increase its financial
contributions to the payment of the nonpersonnel costs incurred
by the United States Government for stationing United States
military personnel in that nation, with a goal of achieving by
September 30, 2000, 75 percent of such costs. An increase in
financial contributions by any nation under this paragraph may
include the elimination of taxes, fees, or other charges levied
on United States military personnel, equipment, or facilities
stationed in that nation.
"(2) Increase its annual budgetary outlays for national defense
as a percentage of its gross domestic product by 10 percent or at
least to a level commensurate to that of the United States by
September 30, 1999.
"(3) Increase its annual budgetary outlays for foreign
assistance (to promote democratization, governmental
accountability and transparency, economic stabilization and
development, defense economic conversion, respect for the rule of
law and internationally recognized human rights, and humanitarian
relief efforts) by 10 percent or to provide such foreign
assistance at an annual rate that is not less than one percent of
its gross domestic product, by September 30, 1999.
"(4) Increase the military assets (including personnel,
equipment, logistics, support and other resources) that it
contributes or has pledged to contribute to multinational
military activities worldwide by 10 percent by September 30,
1999.
"(b) Authorities To Encourage Actions by United States Allies. -
In seeking the actions described in subsection (a) with respect to
any nation, or in response to a failure by any nation to undertake
one or more of such actions, the President may take any of the
following measures to the extent otherwise authorized by law:
"(1) Reduce the end strength level of members of the Armed
Forces assigned to permanent duty ashore in that nation.
"(2) Impose on that nation fees or other charges similar to
those that such nation imposes on United States forces stationed
in that nation.
"(3) Reduce (through rescission, impoundment, or other
appropriate procedures as authorized by law) the amount the
United States contributes to the NATO Civil Budget, Military
Budget, or Security Investment Program.
"(4) Suspend, modify, or terminate any bilateral security
agreement the United States has with that nation, consistent with
the terms of such agreement.
"(5) Reduce (through rescission, impoundment or other
appropriate procedures as authorized by law) any United States
bilateral assistance appropriated for that nation.
"(6) Take any other action the President determines to be
appropriate as authorized by law.
"(c) Report on Progress in Increasing Allied Burdensharing. - Not
later than March 1, 1999, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to
Congress a report on -
"(1) steps taken by other nations to complete the actions
described in subsection (a);
"(2) all measures taken by the President, including those
authorized in subsection (b), to achieve the actions described in
subsection (a);
"(3) the difference between the amount allocated by other
nations for each of the actions described in subsection (a)
during the period beginning on October 1, 1996, and ending on
September 30, 1997, and during the period beginning on October 1,
1997, and ending on September 30, 1998, or, in the case of any
nation for which the data for such periods is inadequate, the
difference between the amounts for the latest periods for which
adequate data is available; and
"(4) the budgetary savings to the United States that are
expected to accrue as a result of the steps described under
paragraph (1).
"(d) Report on National Security Bases for Forward Deployment and
Burdensharing Relationships. - (1) In order to ensure the best
allocation of budgetary resources, the President shall undertake a
review of the status of elements of the United States Armed Forces
that are permanently stationed outside the United States. The
review shall include an assessment of the following:
"(A) The alliance requirements that are to be found in
agreements between the United States and other countries.
"(B) The national security interests that support permanently
stationing elements of the United States Armed Forces outside the
United States.
"(C) The stationing costs associated with the forward
deployment of elements of the United States Armed Forces.
"(D) The alternatives available to forward deployment (such as
material prepositioning, enhanced airlift and sealift, or joint
training operations) to meet such alliance requirements or
national security interests, with such alternatives identified
and described in detail.
"(E) The costs and force structure configurations associated
with such alternatives to forward deployment.
"(F) The financial contributions that allies of the United
States make to common defense efforts (to promote
democratization, economic stabilization, transparency
arrangements, defense economic conversion, respect for the rule
of law, and internationally recognized human rights).
"(G) The contributions that allies of the United States make to
meeting the stationing costs associated with the forward
deployment of elements of the United States Armed Forces.
"(H) The annual expenditures of the United States and its
allies on national defense, and the relative percentages of each
nation's gross domestic product constituted by those
expenditures.
"(2) The President shall submit to Congress a report on the
review under paragraph (1). The report shall be submitted not later
than March 1, 1999, in classified and unclassified form."
[Pub. L. 105-261, div. A, title XII, Sec. 1233(a), Oct. 17, 1998,
112 Stat. 2156, provided that the amendments made by that section
to section 1221(a) of Pub. L. 105-85, set out above, are effective
Oct. 1, 1998.]
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior
authorization act:
Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title X, Sec. 1084, Sept. 23, 1996, 110
Stat. 2673.
NATO PARTICIPATION
Pub. L. 103-447, title II, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4695, as
amended by Pub. L. 104-107, title V, Sec. 585, Feb. 12, 1996, 110
Stat. 752; Pub. L. 104-208, div. A, title I, Sec. 101(c) [title VI,
Sec. 612], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-121, 3009-178; Pub. L.
105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXVII, Sec. 2703(e), Oct. 21,
1998, 112 Stat. 2681-842, provided that:
"SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE.
"This title may be cited as the 'NATO Participation Act of 1994'.
"SEC. 202. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS.
"It is the sense of the Congress that -
"(1) the leaders of the NATO member nations are to be commended
for reaffirming that NATO membership remains open to Partnership
for Peace countries emerging from communist domination and for
welcoming eventual expansion of NATO to include such countries;
"(2) full and active participants in the Partnership for Peace
in a position to further the principles of the North Atlantic
Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic
area should be invited to become full NATO members in accordance
with Article 10 of such Treaty at an early date, if such
participants -
"(A) maintain their progress toward establishing democratic
institutions, free market economies, civilian control of their
armed forces, and the rule of law; and
"(B) remain committed to protecting the rights of all their
citizens and respecting the territorial integrity of their
neighbors;
"(3) the United States, other NATO member nations, and NATO
itself should furnish appropriate assistance to facilitate the
transition to full NATO membership at an early date of full and
active participants in the Partnership for Peace; and
"(4) in particular, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and
Slovakia have made significant progress toward establishing
democratic institutions, free market economies, civilian control
of their armed forces, and the rule of law since the fall of
their previous communist governments.
"SEC. 203. AUTHORITY FOR PROGRAM TO FACILITATE TRANSITION TO NATO
MEMBERSHIP.
"(a) In General. - The President may establish a program to
assist the transition to full NATO membership of Poland, Hungary,
the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and other Partnership for Peace
emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe designated
pursuant to subsection (d).
"(b) Conduct of Program. - The program established under
subsection (a) shall facilitate the transition to full NATO
membership of the countries designated under subsection (d) by
supporting and encouraging, inter alia -
"(1) joint planning, training, and military exercises with NATO
forces;
"(2) greater interoperability of military equipment, air
defense systems, and command, control, and communications
systems; and
"(3) conformity of military doctrine.
"(c) Type of Assistance. - In carrying out the program
established under subsection (a), the President may provide to the
countries designated under subsection (d) the following types of
security assistance:
"(1) The transfer of excess defense articles under section 516
of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2321j].
"(2) Assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.] (relating to
international military education and training).
"(3) Assistance under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act
[22 U.S.C. 2763] (relating to the 'Foreign Military Financing
Program').
"(4) Assistance under chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] (relating to the
Economic Support Fund).
"(5) Funds made available for the 'Nonproliferation and
Disarmament Fund'.
"(6) Assistance under chapter 6 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2348 et seq.] (relating to
peacekeeping operations and other programs).
"(7) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, including
section 516(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C.
2321j(e)], the President may direct the crating, packing,
handling, and transportation of excess defense articles provided
pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection without charge to
the recipient of such articles.
"(d) Designation of Eligible Countries. -
"(1) Initial presidential review and designation. - Within 60
days of the enactment of the NATO Participation Act Amendments of
1995 [NATO Participation Act Amendments of 1995 was contained in
S. 602 and title VII of H.R. 1868 which were predecessor versions
of provisions enacted into law by section 585 of Pub. L. 104-107,
which was approved Feb. 12, 1996], the President should evaluate
the degree to which any emerging democracies in Central and
Eastern Europe which has expressed its interest in joining NATO
meets the criteria set forth in paragraph (3), and may designate
one or more of these countries as eligible to receive assistance
under the program established under subsection (a). The President
shall, at the time of designation of any country pursuant to this
paragraph, determine and report to the Committees on
International Relations and Appropriations of the House of
Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations and
Appropriations of the Senate with respect to each country so
designated that such country meets the criteria set forth in
paragraph (3).
"(2) Other european countries emerging from communist
domination. - In addition to the countries designated pursuant to
paragraph (1), the President may at any time designate other
European emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe as
eligible to receive assistance under the program established
under subsection (a). The President shall, at the time of
designation of any country pursuant to this paragraph, determine
and report to the Committees on International Relations and
Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees
on Foreign Relations and Appropriations of the Senate with
respect to each country so designated that such country meets the
criteria set forth in paragraph (3).
"(3) Criteria. - The criteria referred to in paragraphs (1) and
(2) are, with respect to each country, that the country -
"(A) has made significant progress toward establishing -
"(i) shared values and interests;
"(ii) democratic governments;
"(iii) free market economies;
"(iv) civilian control of the military, of the police, and
of intelligence services, so that these organizations do not
pose a threat to democratic institutions, neighboring
countries, or the security of NATO or the United States;
"(v) adherence to the rule of law and to the values,
principles, and political commitments set forth in the
Helsinki Final Act and other declarations by the members of
the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe;
"(vi) commitment to further the principles of NATO and to
contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area;
"(vii) commitment to protecting the rights of all their
citizens and respecting the territorial integrity of their
neighbors;
"(viii) commitment and ability to accept the obligations,
responsibilities, and costs of NATO membership; and
"(ix) commitment and ability to implement infrastructure
development activities that will facilitate participation in
and support for NATO military activities;
"(B) is likely, within five years of such determination, to
be in a position to further the principles of the North
Atlantic Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North
Atlantic area; and
"(C) is not ineligible to receive assistance under section
552 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related
Programs Appropriations Act, 1996 [110 Stat. 741], with respect
to transfers of equipment to a country the government of which
the Secretary of State has determined is a terrorist government
for purposes of section 40(d) of the Arms Export Control Act
[22 U.S.C. 2780(d)].
"(e) Notification. - At least 15 days before designating any
country pursuant to subsection (d), the President shall notify the
appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the
procedures applicable under section 634A of the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2394-1), and shall include with such
notification a memorandum of justification with respect to the
proposed designation.
"(f) Determination. - It is hereby determined that Poland,
Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia meet the criteria
required in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subsection (d).
"(g) Effect on Other Authorities. - Nothing in this Act [title]
shall affect the eligibility of countries to participate under
other provisions of law in programs described in this Act [title].
"SEC. 204. ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES.
"(a) Arms Export Control Act. - The President is authorized to
exercise the authority of sections 63 and 65 of the Arms Export
Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2796b, 2796d] with respect to any country
designated under section 203(d) of this title on the same basis
authorized with respect to NATO countries.
"(b) Other NATO Authorities. - The President should designate any
country designated under section 203(d) of this title as eligible
under sections 2350c and 2350f of title 10, United States Code.
"(c) Sense of Congress. - It is the sense of Congress that, in
the interest of maintaining stability and promoting democracy in
Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and any other
Partnership for Peace country designated under section 203(d) of
this title, those countries should be included in all activities
under section 2457 of title 10, United States Code, related to the
increased standardization and enhanced interoperability of
equipment and weapons systems, through coordinated training and
procurement activities, as well as other means, undertaken by the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization members and other allied
countries.
"SEC. 205. ANNUAL REPORTING REQUIREMENT.
"The President shall include in the annual report required by
section 514(a) of Public Law 103-236 (22 U.S.C. 1928 note) the
following:
"(1) A description of all assistance provided under the program
established under section 203(a), or otherwise provided by the
United States Government to facilitate the transition to full
NATO membership of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia,
and any other country designated by the President pursuant to
section 203(d).
"(2) A description, on the basis of information received from
the recipients and from NATO, of all assistance provided by other
NATO member nations or NATO itself to facilitate the transition
to full NATO membership of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic,
Slovakia, and any other country designated by the President
pursuant to section 203(d)."
COST-SHARING POLICY AND REPORT
Pub. L. 103-337, div. A, title XIII, Sec. 1313(a)-(d), Oct. 5,
1994, 108 Stat. 2894, 2895, provided that:
"(a) Policy. - It is the policy of the United States that the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies should assist the
United States in paying the incremental costs incurred by the
United States for maintaining members of the Armed Forces in
assignments to permanent duty ashore in European member nations of
NATO solely for support of NATO roles and missions.
"(b) Implementation. - The President shall take all necessary
actions to ensure the effective implementation of the policy set
forth in subsection (a).
"(c) Report. - The Secretary of Defense shall include in the
annual report required by section 1002(d) of the Department of
Defense Authorization Act, 1985 [Pub. L. 98-525] (22 U.S.C. 1928
note) the following:
"(1) A description of the United States military forces
assigned to permanent duty ashore in European member nations of
NATO and an analysis of the cost of providing and maintaining
such forces in such assignment primarily for support of NATO
roles and missions.
"(2) A description of the United States military forces
assigned to permanent duty ashore in European member nations of
NATO primarily in support of other United States interests in
other regions of the world and an analysis of the cost of
providing and maintaining such forces in such assignment
primarily for that purpose.
"(3) A specific enumeration and description of the offsets to
United States costs of providing and maintaining United States
military forces in Europe that the United States received from
other NATO member nations in the fiscal year covered by the
report, set out by country and by type of assistance, including
both in-kind assistance and direct cash reimbursement, and the
projected offsets for the five fiscal years following the fiscal
year covered by the report.
"(d) Incremental Costs Defined. - For purposes of subsection (a),
the definition provided for the term 'incremental costs' in section
1046 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years
1992 and 1993 [Pub. L. 102-190, set out below], as added by
subsection (e), shall apply with respect to maintaining members of
the Armed Forces in assignments to permanent duty ashore in
European member nations of NATO in the same manner as such term
applies with respect to permanent stationing ashore of United
States forces in foreign nations for purposes of subsection (e)(4)
of such section 1046."
IMPLEMENTATION OF PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE
Pub. L. 103-236, title V, Sec. 514, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 467,
provided that:
"(a) Report to Congress. - The President shall submit annually,
beginning 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 30,
1994], a detailed report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of
the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs [now Committee on
International Relations] of the House of Representatives on the
implementation of the 'Partnership for Peace' initiative, including
an assessment of the progress made by former members of the Warsaw
Treaty Organization in meeting the criteria for full membership
articulated in Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, wherein any
other European state may, by unanimous agreement, be invited to
accede to the North Atlantic Treaty if it is in a position to
further the principles of the Treaty and to contribute to the
security of the North Atlantic area.
"(b) Authority of the President. - The President is authorized to
confer, pursuant to agreement with any country eligible to
participate in the Partnership for Peace, rights in respect of the
military and related civilian personnel (including dependents of
any such personnel) and activities of that country in the United
States comparable to the rights conferred by that country in
respect of the military and related civilian personnel (including
dependents of any such personnel) and activities of the United
States in that country."
[Functions of President under section 514(b) of Pub. L. 103-236,
set out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of
President of the United States, July 26, 1994, 59 F.R. 40205, set
out as a note under section 2370a of this title.]
DEFENSE COST-SHARING
Pub. L. 102-190, div. A, title X, Sec. 1046, Dec. 5, 1991, 105
Stat. 1466, as amended by Pub. L. 103-160, div. A, title XIV, Sec.
1412(b), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1829; Pub. L. 103-337, div. A,
title XIII, Sec. 1313(e), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2895, provided
that:
"(a) Defense Cost-Sharing Agreements. - (1) The President shall
consult with the foreign nations described in paragraph (2) to seek
to achieve, within 12 months after the date of the enactment of
this Act [Dec. 5, 1991], an agreement on equitable defense
cost-sharing with each such nation.
"(2) The foreign nations referred to in paragraph (1) are -
"(A) each member nation of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (other than the United States); and
"(B) every other foreign nation with which the United States
has a bilateral or multilateral defense agreement that provides
for the assignment of combat units of the Armed Forces of the
United States to permanent duty in the nation or the placement of
combat equipment of the United States in the nation.
"(3) Each defense cost-sharing agreement entered into under
paragraph (1) should provide that the foreign nation agrees to
share equitably with the United States, through cash compensation
or in-kind contributions, or a combination thereof, the costs to
the United States that arise solely from the implementation of the
provisions of the bilateral or multilateral defense agreement with
that nation.
"(b) Exception. - The provisions of subsection (a) shall not
apply to those foreign nations that receive assistance under
section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2763) relating
to the foreign military financing program or under chapter 4 of
part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2346 et
seq.) relating to the Economic Support Fund.
"(c) Consultations. - In conducting the consultations required
under subsection (a), the President should make maximum feasible
use of the Department of Defense and the post of
Ambassador-at-Large created by section 8125(c) of the Department of
Defense Appropriations Act, 1989 [Pub. L. 100-463] (10 U.S.C. 113
note).
"(d) Allies Mutual Defense Payments Account. - The Secretary of
Defense shall maintain an accounting for defense cost-sharing under
each agreement entered into with a foreign nation pursuant to
subsection (a). The accounting shall show for each foreign nation
the amount and nature of the -
"(1) cost-sharing contributions agreed to by the nation;
"(2) cost-sharing contributions delivered by the nation;
"(3) additional contributions by the nation to any commonly
funded multilateral programs providing for United States
participation in the common defense;
"(4) contributions by the United States to any such commonly
funded multilateral programs;
"(5) contributions of all other nations to any such commonly
funded multilateral programs; and
"(6) costs to the United States that arise solely from the
implementation of the provisions of the bilateral or multilateral
defense agreement with the nation.
"(e) Reporting Requirements. - The Secretary of Defense shall
include in each Report on Allied Contributions to the Common
Defense prepared under section 1003 of Public Law 98-525 (22 U.S.C.
1928 note) information, in classified and unclassified form -
"(1) describing the efforts undertaken and the progress made by
the President in carrying out subsections (a) and (c) during the
period covered by the report;
"(2) specifying the accounting of defense cost-sharing
contributions maintained under subsection (d) during that period;
"(3) assessing how equitably foreign nations not described in
subsection (a) or excepted under subsection (b) are sharing the
costs and burdens of implementing defense agreements with the
United States and how those defense agreements serve the national
security interests of the United States; and
"(4) specifying the incremental costs to the United States
associated with the permanent stationing ashore of United States
forces in foreign nations.
"(f) Incremental Costs Defined. - In this section, the term
'incremental costs', with respect to permanent stationing ashore of
United States forces in foreign nations, means the difference
between the costs associated with maintaining United States
military forces in assignments to permanent duty ashore in the
foreign nations and the costs associated with maintaining those
same military forces at military bases in the United States."
ACTIVE-DUTY FORCES IN EUROPE OF MEMBER NATIONS OF NATO
Pub. L. 101-189, div. A, title IX, Sec. 912, Nov. 29, 1989, 103
Stat. 1523, directed Secretary of Defense to ensure that, for the
next three years, the current ratio (expressed as a percentage) of
U.S. active duty forces in Europe to allied active duty forces in
Europe does not increase by more than a specified amount.
SENSE OF CONGRESS ON NEED FOR MODERNIZATION OF THEATER NUCLEAR
CAPABILITIES OF NATO
Pub. L. 100-456, div. A, title X, Sec. 1004, Sept. 29, 1988, 102
Stat. 2039, provided that:
"(a) Findings. - Congress makes the following findings:
"(1) The security of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) alliance will continue for the foreseeable future to rely
on a modern and credible nuclear deterrent.
"(2) NATO should make every effort to achieve the goal of
raising the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons in the event
of a conflict in Europe.
"(3) While recognizing that there is a critical need for
improvements in conventional forces, Congress also recognizes
that the United States will have to devote defense resources in
the future to the continuing modernization of the theater nuclear
capabilities of NATO.
"(4) The modernization of the theater nuclear capabilities of
NATO is a continuing process and stems from the 1983 Montebello
decision by NATO to reduce the stockpile of nuclear weapons in
Europe while taking steps to ensure that the remaining nuclear
weapons of the alliance are responsive, survivable, and
effective.
"(5) Programs to modernize theater nuclear forces, which had a
high priority for NATO before the ratification of the
Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, are at least as
important following the ratification of that treaty in May 1988.
"(6) The NATO Nuclear Planning Group recently reaffirmed its
endorsement of development by the United States of a new missile
for delivery of theater nuclear weapons as a follow-on to the
current Lance missile, with a view toward an eventual decision on
deployment of such a follow-on missile.
"(b) Sense of Congress. - In light of the findings in subsection
(a), it is the sense of Congress that -
"(1) modernization of the theater nuclear capabilities of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization is essential to the deterrence
strategy of the NATO alliance, particularly in light of the
requirements of the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF)
Treaty for the destruction of intermediate-range nuclear weapons;
"(2) continued modernization by the United States of theater
nuclear capabilities should be undertaken in close consultation
with other NATO member nations; and
"(3) the United States should proceed with ongoing activities
to meet the identified requirement of the NATO alliance for
development of a new missile for delivery of theater nuclear
weapons as a follow-on to the Lance missile."
REPORT ON OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM OF JAPAN
Pub. L. 100-456, div. A, title X, Sec. 1009(b), Sept. 29, 1988,
102 Stat. 2041, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense shall
include with the annual report submitted pursuant to section 1003
of Public Law 98-525 (22 U.S.C. 1928 note) a report on the Official
Development Assistance program of the Government of Japan. Such
report shall be prepared each year in coordination with the
Secretary of State and the Administrator of the Agency for
International Development and shall include a description of the
amount and nature of spending under such program by recipient,
including distinguishing between grant aid, loans, and credits."
JAPAN-UNITED STATES SECURITY RELATIONSHIP AND EFFORTS BY JAPAN TO
FULFILL SELF-DEFENSE RESPONSIBILITIES
Pub. L. 99-93, title VIII, Sec. 812, Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 453,
as amended by Pub. L. 103-236, title I, Sec. 139(14), Apr. 30,
1994, 108 Stat. 398, provided that:
"(a) Findings. - The Congress hereby finds -
"(1) the Japan-United States security relationship is the
foundation of the peace and security of Japan and the Far East,
as well as a major contributor to the protection of the United
States and of the democratic freedoms and economic prosperity
enjoyed by both the United States and Japan;
"(2) the threats to our two democracies have increased
significantly since 1976, principally through the Soviet invasion
of Afghanistan, the expansion of Soviet armed forces in the Far
East, the invasion of Cambodia by Vietnam, and the instability in
the Persian Gulf region as signified by the continuing Iran-Iraq
conflict;
"(3) in recognition of these and other threats, the United
States has greatly increased its annual defense spending through
sustained real growth averaging 8.8 percent yearly between fiscal
1981 and 1985, and cumulative real growth of 50 percent in that
period;
"(4) the United States Government appreciates the May 1981
commitment by the Prime Minister of Japan that, pursuant to the
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security of 1960 between Japan
and the United States, Japan, on its own initiative, would seek
to make even greater efforts for improving its defense
capabilities, and pursuant to Japan's own Constitution, it was
national policy for his country to acquire and maintain the
self-defense forces adequate for the defense of its land area and
surrounding airspace and sealanes, out to a distance of 1,000
miles;
"(5) the United States Government applauds the policy of Japan
to obtain the capabilities to defend its sea and air lanes out to
1,000 miles, expects that these capabilities should be acquired
by the end of the decade, and recognizes that achieving those
capabilities would significantly improve the national security of
both Japan and the United States;
"(6) the United States Government appreciates the contribution
already made by Japan through the Host Nation Support Program and
its recent efforts to increase its defense spending; and
"(7) Japan, however, in recent years consistently has not
provided sufficient funding and resources to meet its
self-defense needs and to meet common United States-Japan defense
objectives and alliance responsibilities.
"(b) Sense of Congress. - It is the sense of the Congress that
Japan, to fulfill its self-defense responsibilities pursuant to the
1960 Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty with the United States,
and in accordance with the national policy declaration made by its
Prime Minister in May 1981, to develop a 1,000-mile airspace and
sealanes defense capability, should implement a 1986-1990 Mid-Term
Defense Plan containing sufficient funding, program acquisition,
and force development resources to obtain the agreed-upon 1,000
mile self-defense capabilities by the end of the decade, including
the allocation of sufficient budgetary resources annually to reduce
substantially the ammunition, logistics, and sustainability
shortfalls of its self-defense forces."
SENSE OF CONGRESS RELATING TO INCREASE IN DEFENSE SPENDING BY
UNITED STATES ALLIES
Pub. L. 98-525, title X, Sec. 1001, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2574,
provided that: "It is the sense of Congress that the President -
"(1) should call on the pertinent member nations of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization to meet or exceed their pledges for
an annual increase in defense spending during fiscal years 1984
and 1985 of at least 3 percent real growth; and
"(2) should call on Japan to further increase its defense
spending during fiscal years 1984 and 1985;
in furtherance of increased unity, equitable sharing of the common
defense burden, and international stability."
Similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 98-473, title I,
Sec. 101(e) [Sec. 127], (h) [title VIII, Sec. 8105], Oct. 12, 1984,
98 Stat. 1877, 1883, 1904, 1943.
IMPROVEMENTS TO NATO CONVENTIONAL CAPABILITY
Pub. L. 98-525, title X, Sec. 1002, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2574,
as amended by Pub. L. 99-145, title XI, Sec. 1101, Nov. 8, 1985, 99
Stat. 707; Pub. L. 101-189, div. A, title IX, Sec. 911(a), Nov. 29,
1989, 103 Stat. 1523; Pub. L. 101-510, div. A, title IV, Sec. 406,
title XIII, Sec. 1312(c)(1), (2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1546,
1670; Pub. L. 102-25, title VII, Sec. 704(a)(2), Apr. 6, 1991, 105
Stat. 118; Pub. L. 102-190, div. A, title X, Sec. 1042, Dec. 5,
1991, 105 Stat. 1462; Pub. L. 102-484, div. A, title XIII, Sec.
1303(a), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2546; Pub. L. 103-160, div. A,
title XIV, Sec. 1412(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1828; Pub. L.
103-337, div. A, title XIII, Sec. 1303(a)-(c), Oct. 5, 1994, 108
Stat. 2889, 2890; Pub. L. 104-106, div. A, title XIII, Sec.
1334(a), title XV, Sec. 1502(c)(7), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 484,
508; Pub. L. 106-65, div. A, title X, Secs. 1032(b)(4), 1067(12),
Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 751, 775, provided that:
"(a) The Congress finds -
"(1) that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) should
improve its conventional defense capability so as to lengthen the
period of time that Western Europe can be defended by
conventional forces without the necessity of resorting to the
early use of nuclear weapons in the event of a non-nuclear attack
on any NATO member country;
"(2) that fulfillment by NATO member nations of their goals and
commitments to increase defense spending, improve conventional
sustainability, and provide support facilities in Western Europe
for rapid reinforcements from the United States is crucial to
accomplishing that objective; and
"(3) that an increase over current United States military
personnel levels in European member nations of NATO can be
justified only if these goals and commitments are substantially
met by NATO member nations (other than the United States).
"(b) The Congress urges the President and the Secretary of
Defense to continue to encourage member nations of NATO (other than
the United States) to work expeditiously to fulfill the following
commitments they have undertaken:
"(1) To achieve and maintain an annual increase in their
defense spending of at least 3 percent, after inflation.
"(2) To acquire a 30-day supply of air and ground munitions
among those NATO members which have committed forces to the
Northern, Center, and Southern Regions.
"(3) To construct the number of minimum essential and emergency
operating facilities and semihardened aircraft shelters in
Western Europe required by NATO Ministerial Guidance to support,
under NATO/SHAPE standards, as a minimum, the annual commitment
of United States reinforcing tactical aircraft.
"(c)(1) The end strength level of members of the Armed Forces of
the United States assigned to permanent duty ashore in European
member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization may not
exceed a permanent ceiling of approximately 100,000 in any fiscal
year.
"(2) If the Secretary of Defense certifies to the Congress in
writing during any fiscal year after fiscal year 1985 that during
the previous fiscal year the member nations of NATO (other than the
United States) have undertaken significant measures to improve
their conventional defense capacity consistent with the goals set
forth in subsection (b) which contributes to lengthening the time
period between an armed attack on any NATO country and the time the
Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, would have to request the release
and use of nuclear weapons, the Congress would give strong
consideration to authorizing an increase in the permanent ceiling
prescribed in paragraph (1) for fiscal years after such fiscal
year.
"(3) For purposes of this subsection, the following members of
the Armed Forces are excluded in calculating the end strength level
of members of the Armed Forces of the United States assigned to
permanent duty ashore in European member nations of NATO:
"(A) Members assigned to permanent duty ashore in Iceland,
Greenland, and the Azores.
"(B) Members performing duties in Europe for more than 179 days
under a military-to-military contact program under section 168 of
title 10, United States Code.
"[(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 106-65, div. A, title X, Sec. 1032(b)(4),
Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 751.]
"(e)(1) The Congress finds that a viable 'two-way street' of
defense procurement improves NATO interoperability and therefore is
important to overall improvements in conventional defense.
"(2) In addition to any funds appropriated pursuant to the
authorization contained in this Act for the activities of the
Director of Operational Test and Evaluation, Defense, the Director
may use an additional amount, not to exceed $50,000,000, to acquire
certain types of weapons, subsystems, and munitions of European
NATO manufacture for side-by-side testing with comparable United
States manufactured items. Such additional amount shall be derived
from any funds appropriated pursuant to an authorization contained
in this Act. Items that may be acquired under this paragraph
include submunitions and dispensers, anti-tank and anti-armor
guided missiles, mines, runway-cratering devices, torpedoes, mortar
systems, light armored vehicles, and high-velocity anti-tank guns.
"(f)(1) This section shall not apply in the event of a
declaration of war or an armed attack on any NATO member country.
"(2) This section may be waived by the President if he declares
an emergency and immediately informs the Congress of his action and
the reasons therefor."
[Section 1303(d) of Pub. L. 103-337 provided that: "The amendment
made by subsection (a) [amending section 1002(c)(1) of Pub. L.
98-525, set out above] shall take effect on October 1, 1995."]
[Section 1303(b) of Pub. L. 102-484, which provided that the
amendment of section 1002(c)(1) of Pub. L. 98-525, set out above,
by section 1303(a) of Pub. L. 102-484, take effect Oct. 1, 1995,
was repealed by Pub. L. 103-337, div. A, title XIII, Sec. 1303(c),
Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2890.]
[Pub. L. 101-189, div. A, title IX, Sec. 911(b), Nov. 29, 1989,
103 Stat. 1523, which provided that the amendment of section 1002
of Pub. L. 98-525, set out above, by section 911(a) of Pub. L.
101-189, take effect on Sept. 30, 1991, was repealed by Pub. L.
101-510, div. A, title IV, Sec. 406(c), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat.
1546.]
REPORT ON ALLIED CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE COMMON DEFENSE
Pub. L. 98-525, title X, Sec. 1003, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2576,
as amended by Pub. L. 101-510, div. A, title XIII, Sec. 1312(c)(3),
Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1670; Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title X,
Sec. 1084(e), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2675, provided that:
"(a) In recognition of the increasing military threat faced by
the Western World and in view of the growth, relative to the United
States, in the economic strength of Japan, Canada, and a number of
Western European countries which has occurred since the signing of
the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, and the Mutual
Cooperation and Security Treaty between Japan and the United States
on January 19, 1960, it is the sense of the Congress that -
"(1) the burdens of mutual defense now assumed by some of the
countries allied with the United States under those agreements
are not commensurate with their economic resources;
"(2) since May 1978, when each member nation of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) agreed to increase real
defense spending annually in the range of 3 percent, most NATO
members, except for the United States, have failed to meet the 3
percent real growth commitment consistently;
"(3) since May 1981, when the Government of Japan established
its policy to defend the air and sea lines of communication out
to 1,000 nautical miles from the coast of Japan, progress to
develop the necessary self-defense capabilities to fulfill that
pledge has been extremely disappointing;
"(4) Japan is the ally of the United States with the greatest
potential for improving its self-defense capabilities and should,
therefore, rapidly increase its annual defense spending to the
levels required to fulfill that pledge and to enable Japan to be
capable of an effective conventional self-defense capability by
1990, including the capability to carry out its 1,000-mile
defense policy, a development that would be consonant not only
with Japan's current prominent position in the family of nations
but also with its unique sensibilities on the issues of war and
peace, sensibilities that are recognized and respected by the
people of the United States; and
"(5) the continued unwillingness of such countries to increase
their contributions to the common defense to more appropriate
levels will endanger the vitality, effectiveness, and cohesion of
the alliances between those countries and the United States.
"(b) It is further the sense of the Congress that the President
should seek from each signatory country (other than the United
States) of the two treaties referred to in subsection (a)
acceptance of international security responsibilities and an
agreement to make contributions to the common defense which are
commensurate with the economic resources of such country,
including, when appropriate, an increase in host nation support.
"(c) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Congress by
March 1, 1998, and every other year thereafter, not later than
April 1, a classified report containing -
"(1) a comparison of the fair and equitable shares of the
mutual defense burdens of these alliances that should be borne by
the United States, by other member nations of NATO, and by Japan,
based upon economic strength and other relevant factors, and the
actual defense efforts of each nation together with an
explanation of disparities that currently exist and their impact
on mutual defense efforts;
"(2) a description of efforts by the United States and the
efforts of other members of the alliances to eliminate any
existing disparities;
"(3) projected estimates of the real growth in defense spending
for the fiscal year in which the report is submitted for each
NATO member nation;
"(4) a description of the defense-related initiatives
undertaken by each NATO member nation within the real growth in
defense spending of such nation in the fiscal year immediately
preceding the fiscal year in which the report is submitted;
"(5) an explanation of those instances in which the commitments
to real growth in defense spending have not been realized and a
description of efforts being made by the United States to ensure
fulfillment of these important NATO commitments;
"(6) a description of the activities of each NATO member and
Japan to enhance the security and stability of the Southwest Asia
region and to assume additional missions for their own defense as
the United States allocates additional resources to the mission
of protecting Western interests in world areas not covered by the
system of Western Alliances; and
"(7) a description of what additional actions the executive
branch plans to take should the efforts by the United States
referred to in clauses (2) and (5) fail, and, in those instances
where such additional actions do not include consideration of the
repositioning of American troops, a detailed explanation as to
why such repositioning is not being so considered.
"(d) The Secretary of Defense shall also submit to the Congress
not more than 30 days after the submission of the report required
under subsection (a) an unclassified report containing the matters
set forth in clauses (1) through (7) of such subsection."
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior
authorization act:
Pub. L. 98-94, title XI, Sec. 1102, Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 673.
NATO DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION
Pub. L. 97-252, title XI, Sec. 1122, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 755,
provided that:
"(a) The Congress finds that -
"(1) the United States remains firmly committed to cooperating
closely with its North Atlantic Treaty Organization (hereinafter
in this section referred to as 'NATO') allies in protecting
liberty and maintaining world peace;
"(2) the financial burden of providing for the defense of
Western Europe and for the protection of the interests of NATO
member countries in areas outside the NATO treaty area has
reached such proportions that new cooperative approaches among
the United States and its NATO allies are required to achieve and
maintain an adequate collective defense at acceptable costs;
"(3) the need for a credible conventional deterrent in Western
Europe has long been recognized in theory but has never been
fully addressed in practice;
"(4) a more equitable sharing by NATO member countries of both
the burdens and the technological and economic benefits of the
common defense would do much to reinvigorate the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization alliance with a restored sense of unity and
common purpose;
"(5) a decision to coordinate more effectively the enormous
technological, industrial, and economic resources of NATO member
countries will not only increase the efficiency and effectiveness
of NATO military expenditures but also provide inducement for the
Soviet Union to enter into a meaningful arms reduction agreement
so that both Warsaw Pact countries and NATO member countries can
devote more of their energies and resources to peaceful and
economically more beneficial pursuits.
"(b) It is the sense of the Congress that the President should
propose to the heads of government of the NATO member countries
that the NATO allies of the United States join the United States in
agreeing -
"(1) to coordinate more effectively their defense efforts and
resources to create, at acceptable costs, a credible, collective,
conventional force for the defense of the North Atlantic Treaty
area;
"(2) to establish a cooperative defense-industrial effort
within Western Europe and between Western Europe and North
America that would increase the efficiency and effectiveness of
NATO expenditures by providing a larger production base while
eliminating unnecessary duplication of defense-industrial
efforts;
"(3) to share more equitably and efficiently the financial
burdens, as well as the economic benefits (including jobs,
technology, and trade) of NATO defense; and
"(4) to intensify consultations promptly for the early
achievement of the objectives described in clauses (1) through
(3)."
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION COUNTRIES AND JAPAN;
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALLIES OF UNITED STATES TO COMMON DEFENSE
COMMENSURATE WITH ECONOMIC RESOURCES; REPORT TO CONGRESS
Pub. L. 96-342, title X, Sec. 1006, Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1120,
as amended by Pub. L. 97-86, title IX, Sec. 919, Dec. 1, 1981, 95
Stat. 1132; Pub. L. 97-252, title XI, Sec. 1120, Sept. 8, 1982, 96
Stat. 754, provided that:
"(a) In recognition of the growth, relative to the United States,
in the economic strength of Japan, Canada, and Western European
countries which has occurred since the signing of the North
Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, and the Mutual Cooperation and
Security Treaty between Japan and the United States on January 19,
1960, it is the sense of Congress that -
"(1) the burdens of mutual defense now assumed by the countries
allied with the United States under those agreements are not
commensurate with their economic resources; and
"(2) the continued unwillingness of those countries to increase
their contributions to the common defense to more appropriate
levels would endanger the vitality, effectiveness, and
cohesiveness of the alliances between those countries and the
United States.
"(b) It is further the sense of Congress that the President
should seek from each signatory country (other than the United
States) of the two treaties referred to in subsection (a)
acceptance of international security responsibilities and agreement
to make contributions to the common defense which are commensurate
with the economic resources of such country, including, when
appropriate, an increase in host nation support.
"(c)(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Congress not
later than March 1, 1983, a report providing -
"(A) a comparison of the fair and equitable shares of the
mutual defense burdens of these alliances that should be borne by
the United States, by other member nations of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO), and by Japan, based upon economic
strength and other relevant factors, and the actual defense
efforts of each nation together with an explanation of
disparities that currently exist and their impact on mutual
defense efforts;
"(B) a description of efforts by the United States and of other
efforts to eliminate existing disparities;
"(C) estimates of the real growth in defense spending in fiscal
year 1983 projected for each NATO member nation compared to the
annual real growth goal in the range of 3 percent set in May
1978;
"(D) a description of the defense-related initiatives
undertaken by each NATO member nation within the real growth in
defense spending of such nation in fiscal year 1983;
"(E) an explanation of those instances in which the commitments
to real growth in defense spending and to the Long-Term Defense
Program have not been realized and a description of efforts being
made by the United States to ensure fulfillment of these
important NATO commitments; and
"(F) a description of what additional actions the President
plans to take should the efforts by the United States referred to
in clauses (B) and (E) fail and, in those instances where such
additional actions do not include consideration of the
repositioning of elements of the Armed Forces of the United
States, a detailed explanation as to why such repositioning is
not being so considered.
"(2) If the report required by paragraph (1) as submitted to
Congress is designated as having been classified, pursuant to
Executive order, as requiring protection against unauthorized
disclosure in the interest of national defense or foreign policy,
then not later than thirty days after the submission of such report
the Secretary shall submit to Congress a further report containing
all the information in the initial report that does not require
such protection."
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION; BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS DEFICIT;
EQUITABLE COST SHARING; REPORT TO CONGRESS
Pub. L. 93-155, title VIII, Sec. 812, Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat.
619, provided that:
"(a) The Congress finds that in order to achieve a more equitable
sharing of the costs and expenses arising from commitments and
obligations under the North Atlantic Treaty, the President should
seek, through appropriate bilateral and multilateral arrangements,
payments sufficient in amount to offset fully any
balance-of-payment deficit incurred by the United States during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1974, as the result of the deployment
of forces in Europe in fulfillment of the treaty commitments and
obligations of the United States. This balance-of-payment deficit
shall be determined by the Secretary of Commerce in consultation
with the Secretary of Defense and the Comptroller General of the
United States.
"(b) In the event that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
members (other than the United States) fail to offset the net
balance-of-payment deficit described in subsection (a) prior to the
expiration of eighteen months after the date of enactment of this
section [Nov. 16, 1973], no funds may be expended after the
expiration of twenty-four months following the date of enactment of
this section [Nov. 16, 1973] for the purpose of maintaining or
supporting United States forces in Europe in any number greater
than a number equal to the average monthly number of United States
forces assigned to duty in Europe during the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1974, reduced by a percentage figure equal to the
percentage figure by which such balance-of-payment deficit during
such fiscal year was not offset.
"(c) The Congress further finds (1) that the other members of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization should, in order to achieve a
more equitable sharing of the cost burden under the treaty,
substantially increase their contributions to assist the United
States in meeting those added budgeting expenses incurred as the
result of maintaining and supporting United States forces in
Europe, including, but not limited to, wages paid to local
personnel by the United States, recurring expenses incurred in
connection with the maintenance and operation of real property,
maintenance facilities, supply depots, cold storage facilities,
communications systems, and standby operations, and nonrecurring
expenses such as the construction and rehabilitation of plants and
facilities; (2) that the amount paid by the United States in
connection with the North Atlantic Treaty infrastructure program
should be reduced to a more equitable amount; and (3) that the
President should seek, through appropriate bilateral and
multilateral arrangements, a substantial reduction of the amounts
paid by the United States in connection with those matters
described in (1) and (2) above.
"(d) The President shall submit to the Congress within ninety
days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 16, 1973], and
at the end of each ninety-day period thereafter, a written report
informing the Congress of the progress that has been made in
implementing the provisions of this section."
UNITED STATES CITIZENS COMMISSION ON NATO
Pub. L. 86-719, Sept. 7, 1960, 74 Stat. 818, as amended by Pub.
L. 87-116, July 31, 1961, 75 Stat. 242, provided for a United
States Citizens Commission on NATO to terminate on June 30, 1962,
including the appointment of the Commission, vacancies, chairman
and vice chairman, statement of purpose, conferences in NATO
countries, representative status, authority of Commission,
compensation and expenses, appropriations, and reports to Congress.
-EXEC-
EX. ORD. NO. 11633. SECURITY CLEARANCE PROGRAM FOR UNITED STATES
CITIZENS EMPLOYED DIRECTLY BY NATO, SEATO, AND CENTO
Ex. Ord. No. 11633. Dec. 3, 1971, 36 F.R. 23197, provided:
The United States now participates in the activities of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the South-East Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO), and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).
The Security regulations of these three treaty organizations
provide that each participating nation shall be responsible for the
security screening and security clearance of its own citizens
before they are authorized access to the Organization's TOP SECRET,
SECRET, or CONFIDENTIAL information. There is no existing program,
however, under which United States civilians who are hired directly
by these organizations can be screened and cleared for access to
such Organization's TOP SECRET, SECRET, or CONFIDENTIAL information
while so employed. It is, of course, in the interest of the United
States that United States citizens who participate in the
activities of NATO, SEATO, and CENTO as direct hire employees of
the civil or military agencies of those organizations be reliable,
trustworthy, of good conduct and character, and of complete and
unswerving loyalty to the United States. At the same time, it is a
fundamental principle of our Government to protect against
unreasonable or unwarranted encroachment on the freedom and privacy
of individuals.
I have determined that the provisions and procedures prescribed
by this Order are necessary to assure the preservation of the
integrity of the classified information of NATO, SEATO, and CENTO,
and to protect the national interest. I have also determined that
these provisions and procedures recognize the rights of individuals
affected thereby and provide maximum possible safeguards to protect
such rights.
NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the
Constitution and statutes of the United States, and as
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is
ordered as follows:
Section 1. The Secretary of Defense shall establish a program
and, by regulation, shall prescribe such specific requirements,
restrictions, and other safeguards as he considers necessary for
the administration of procedures whereby "Certificates of Security
Clearance" for the United States citizens directly employed by
civil or military agencies of NATO, SEATO, or CENTO may be provided
to these international organizations when they so request. Such
program shall also provide for the denial, revocation, or
suspension of such "Certificates."
Sec. 2. Subject to the provisions of applicable international
agreements, the procedures established by the Secretary of Defense
shall, insofar as is practical, be similar to those established by
him pursuant to the authority vested in him by Executive Order No.
10865 of February 20, 1960, as amended [set out as a note under
section 435 of Title 50, War and National Defense].
Sec. 3. The substance of the criteria, safeguards, and procedures
provided in Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 of Executive Order No.
10865, as amended [set out as a note under section 435 of Title 50,
War and National Defense], shall be incorporated in the regulations
of the Secretary of Defense governing the program established
hereunder.
Sec. 4. Any authority vested in the Secretary of Defense by this
Order may be delegated to the Deputy Secretary of Defense or an
Assistant Secretary of Defense.
Richard Nixon.
DETERMINATION REGARDING END STRENGTH LEVEL OF U.S. ARMED FORCES IN
EUROPE FOR FISCAL YEAR 1991
Determination of President of the United States, No. 91-37, May
29, 1991, 56 F.R. 25611, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense
Consistent with section 406(b) of the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991 (Public Law 101-510; 104
Stat. 1546) [amending section 1002 of Pub. L. 98-525, set out as a
note above], I hereby authorize an end strength level of members of
the Armed Forces assigned to permanent duty ashore in European
member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in excess
of 261,855 for fiscal year 1991, and determine that the national
security interests of the United States require such authorization.
You are authorized and directed to notify the Congress of this
determination and of the necessity therefor contained in the
attached justification [not set out in the Code], and to publish
this determination in the Federal Register.
George Bush.
-SECREF-
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 2390 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1928a 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1928a. North Atlantic Treaty Parliamentary Conference;
participation; appointment of United States Group
-STATUTE-
Not to exceed twenty-four Members of Congress shall be appointed
to meet jointly and annually with representative parliamentary
groups from other NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
members, for discussion of common problems in the interests of the
maintenance of peace and security in the North Atlantic area. Of
the Members of the Congress to be appointed for the purposes of
this resolution (hereinafter designated as the "United States
Group"), half shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House from
Members of the House (not less than four of whom shall be from the
Committee on Foreign Affairs), and half shall be appointed by the
President of the Senate upon recommendations of the majority and
minority leaders of the Senate from Members of the Senate. Not more
than seven of the appointees from the Senate shall be of the same
political party. The Chairman or Vice Chairman of the House
delegation shall be a Member from the Foreign Affairs Committee,
and, unless the President of the Senate, upon the recommendation of
the Majority Leader, determines otherwise, the Chairman or Vice
Chairman of the Senate delegation shall be a Member from the
Foreign Relations Committee. Each delegation shall have a
secretary. The secretaries of the Senate and House delegations
shall be appointed, respectively, by the chairman of the Committee
on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the chairman of the
Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.
-SOURCE-
(July 11, 1956, ch. 562, Sec. 1, 70 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 88-205, pt.
IV, Sec. 406, Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 392; Pub. L. 95-45, Sec.
4(c), June 15, 1977, 91 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 100-204, title VII, Sec.
744(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1396; Pub. L. 103-437, Sec.
9(a)(5), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4588.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1994 - Pub. L. 103-437 substituted "Foreign Affairs" for
"International Relations" wherever appearing.
1987 - Pub. L. 100-204 inserted at end "Each delegation shall
have a secretary. The secretaries of the Senate and House
delegations shall be appointed, respectively, by the chairman of
the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the chairman
of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of
Representatives."
1977 - Pub. L. 95-45 increased the size of the United States
Group from eighteen to twenty-four, inserted requirement that not
less than four of the appointees from the House of Representatives
be from the Committee on International Relations, inserted
requirement that the appointment of the Senate appointees by the
President of the Senate be made upon recommendations of the
majority and minority leaders of the Senate, substituted
requirement that not more than seven of the appointees from the
Senate be of the same political party for requirement which had
provided that not more than five of the appointees from each of the
respective Houses be of the same political party, and inserted
provision that the Chairman or Vice Chairman of the House
delegation be a Member from the International Relations Committee,
and, unless the President of the Senate, upon the recommendation of
the Majority Leader, determines otherwise, the Chairman or Vice
Chairman of the Senate delegation be a Member from the Foreign
Relations Committee.
1963 - Pub. L. 88-205 struck out "and when Congress is not in
session" after "to meet jointly and annually".
-CHANGE-
CHANGE OF NAME
Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives treated
as referring to Committee on International Relations of House of
Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104-14, set out as a
note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1928b 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1928b. Authorization of appropriations
-STATUTE-
There is authorized to be appropriated annually (1) for the
annual contribution of the United States toward the maintenance of
the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, such sum as may be agreed upon by
the United States Group and approved by such Assembly, but in no
event to exceed for any year an amount equal to 25 per centum of
the total annual contributions made for that year by all members of
the NATO Parliamentary Treaty Organization toward the maintenance
of such Assembly, and (2) $200,000, $100,000 for the House
delegation and $100,000 for the Senate delegation, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, to assist in meeting the expenses of
the United States Group of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly for each
fiscal year for which an appropriation is made, such appropriation
to be dispersed on voucher to be approved by the Chairman of the
House delegation and the Chairman of the Senate delegation.
-SOURCE-
(July 11, 1956, ch. 562, Sec. 2, 70 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
V, Sec. 502(d), June 30, 1958, 72 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 90-137, pt.
IV, Sec. 401(a), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 92-226, pt.
IV, Sec. 405, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 34; Pub. L. 100-202, Sec.
101(a) [title III, Sec. 303], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329,
1329-23; Pub. L. 100-204, title VII, Sec. 744(b), Dec. 22, 1987,
101 Stat. 1396; Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A,
title VII, Sec. 701(b)(1)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536,
1501A-459; Pub. L. 107-77, title IV, Sec. 408(b)(1), Nov. 28, 2001,
115 Stat. 790.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
2001 - Pub. L. 107-77 substituted "$200,000" for "$100,000" and
substituted "$100,000" for "$50,000" in two places.
1999 - Pub. L. 106-113 substituted "NATO Parliamentary Assembly"
for "North Atlantic Assembly" in two places.
1987 - Pub. L. 100-204 which directed amendment of this section
by increasing appropriation authorization to $75,000, with $50,000
for House delegation and $25,000 for Senate delegation, could not
be executed because of prior amendment by Pub. L. 100-202.
Pub. L. 100-202 substituted "annually (1)" for "annually,", "(2)
$100,000, $50,000" for "$50,000, $25,000", and "and $50,000" for
"and $25,000".
1972 - Pub. L. 92-226 increased annual appropriations
authorization for expenses of the United States Group of the North
Atlantic Assembly, including the amount for the House and Senate
delegations from $15,000 to $25,000.
1967 - Pub. L. 90-137 substituted "North Atlantic Assembly" for
"North Atlantic Treaty Organization Parliamentary Conference" and
"North Atlantic Treaty Parliamentary Conference" and "Assembly" for
"Conference" in two places, respectively.
1958 - Pub. L. 85-477 substituted provisions authorizing an
annual contribution towards the maintenance of the Conference of
such sum as may be agreed upon but in no event to exceed for any
year an amount equal to 25 per centum of the total annual
contributions made for that year for maintenance, for provisions
which authorized an annual contribution of $6,000 for maintenance.
-CHANGE-
CHANGE OF NAME
Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VII, Sec.
701(b)(3)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-459, provided
that: "In the case of any provision of law having application on or
after May 31, 1999 (other than a provision of law specified in
subparagraphs (A) or (B) [probably should be "paragraphs (1) or
(2)", which amended this section and sections 276c-1, 1928c, and
1928d of this title]), any reference contained in that provision to
the North Atlantic Assembly shall, on and after that date, be
considered to be a reference to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly."
-MISC2-
PERMANENT APPROPRIATION FOR DELEGATION EXPENSES
A permanent appropriation to carry out cl. (2) of this section is
contained in section 101(a) [title III, Sec. 303] of Pub. L.
100-202, as amended, set out as a note under section 276e of this
title.
ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS
Annual appropriations to meet the obligations of membership in
various international organizations were contained in acts listed
in a note set out under section 269a of this title.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR EXPENSES OF 1959 ANNUAL MEETING
OF NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE
Section 702 of Pub. L. 86-108, ch. VII, July 24, 1959, 73 Stat.
258, authorized appropriations for expenses of 1959 annual meeting
of North Atlantic Treaty Parliamentary Conference, prior to repeal
by Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(7), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat.
460.
-SECREF-
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 1928e of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1928c 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1928c. Report to the Congress
-STATUTE-
The United States Group of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly shall
submit to the Congress a report for each fiscal year for which an
appropriation is made, including its expenditures under such
appropriation.
-SOURCE-
(July 11, 1956, ch. 562, Sec. 3, 70 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 90-137, pt.
IV, Sec. 401(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 106-113,
div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VII, Sec. 701(b)(1)], Nov.
29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-459.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1999 - Pub. L. 106-113 substituted "NATO Parliamentary Assembly"
for "North Atlantic Assembly".
1967 - Pub. L. 90-137 substituted "North Atlantic Assembly" for
"North Atlantic Treaty Parliamentary Conference".
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1928d 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1928d. Auditing and accounting
-STATUTE-
The certificate of the Chairman of the House delegation and the
Senate delegation of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly shall on and
after July 11, 1956, be final and conclusive upon the accounting
officers in the auditing of the accounts of the United States Group
of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
-SOURCE-
(July 11, 1956, ch. 562, Sec. 4, 70 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 90-137, pt.
IV, Sec. 401(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 106-113,
div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VII, Sec. 701(b)(1)], Nov.
29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-459.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1999 - Pub. L. 106-113 substituted "NATO Parliamentary Assembly"
for "North Atlantic Assembly" in two places.
1967 - Pub. L. 90-137 substituted "North Atlantic Assembly" for
"North Atlantic Treaty Parliamentary Conference" in two places.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1928e 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1928e. North Atlantic Assembly; appropriations for expenses of
annual meeting
-STATUTE-
In addition to the amounts authorized by section 1928b of this
title, there is authorized to be appropriated $50,000 for fiscal
year 1977 to meet the expenses incurred by the United States group
in hosting the twenty-second annual meeting of the North Atlantic
Assembly. In addition to amounts authorized by section 1928b of
this title, there is authorized to be appropriated $550,000 for
fiscal year 1994 to meet the expenses incurred by the United States
group in hosting the fortieth annual meeting of the North Atlantic
Assembly. In addition to the amounts authorized by section 1928b of
this title, there is authorized to be appropriated $450,000 for
fiscal year 1984 to meet the expenses incurred by the United States
group in hosting the thirty-first annual meeting of the North
Atlantic Assembly. Amounts appropriated under this section are
authorized to remain available until expended.
-SOURCE-
(July 11, 1956, ch. 562, Sec. 5, as added Pub. L. 94-350, title I,
Sec. 107, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 824; amended Pub. L. 98-164,
title I, Sec. 109(a), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1019; Pub. L.
102-138, title I, Sec. 168(g), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 677.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1991 - Pub. L. 102-138 inserted after first sentence provisions
authorizing appropriation of $550,000 for fiscal year 1994 to meet
expenses of the United States group in hosting the fortieth annual
meeting of the North Atlantic Assembly.
1983 - Pub. L. 98-164 inserted provisions authorizing additional
appropriations for fiscal year 1984 to meet the expenses of hosting
the annual meeting.
-CHANGE-
CHANGE OF NAME
Reference to North Atlantic Assembly considered to be reference
to NATO Parliamentary Assembly, see section 1000(a)(7) [div. A,
title VII, Sec. 701(b)(3)] of Pub. L. 106-113, set out as a note
under section 1928b of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1929 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1929. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 409, 68 Stat.
845; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(g), 69 Stat. 286; July 18, 1956,
ch. 627, Sec. 8(g), 70 Stat. 558; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141,
Sec. 8(i), 71 Stat. 361; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II,
Sec. 205(g), 72 Stat. 267; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II,
Sec. 205(i), 73 Stat. 250; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II,
Sec. 204(i), 74 Stat. 137, authorized payment of ocean freight
charges and provided for arrangements for free entry.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1930 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1930. Repealed. Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(j), July 24,
1959, 73 Stat. 250
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 410, 68 Stat.
846; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(h), 69 Stat. 287; July 18, 1956,
ch. 627, Sec. 8(h), 70 Stat. 558; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141,
Sec. 8(j), 71 Stat. 361; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II,
Sec. 205(h), ch. V, Sec. 501(14), 72 Stat. 267, 271, authorized
appropriations for carrying out objectives of Mutual Defense
Assistance Control Act of 1951, section 1611 et seq. of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1931 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1931. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 411, 68 Stat.
846; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(i), 69 Stat. 287; July 18, 1956,
ch. 627, Sec. 8(i), 70 Stat. 558; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141,
Sec. 8(k), 71 Stat. 362; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II,
Sec. 205(i), ch. V, Sec. 501(15), 72 Stat. 267, 271; July 24, 1959,
Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(k), 73 Stat. 250; May 14, 1960,
Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(j), ch. V, Sec. 501(b), 74 Stat.
137, 140, related to payment of administrative and other expenses.
See sections 2396(b), (f) and 2397 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1932 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1932. Repealed. Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(k), May 14,
1960, 74 Stat. 138
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 412, as added
July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(l), 73 Stat. 250,
authorized appropriations for President's special education and
training fund.
A prior section 412 of act Aug. 26, 1954, which authorized
assistance to selected Chinese and Korean students for studying or
teaching, or for research and related academic and technical
activities in the United States, was repealed by Pub. L. 85-141,
Sec. 8(l), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 362.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1933 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1933. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept.
4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 413, 68 Stat.
846; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(j), (k), 70 Stat. 558; June 30,
1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 205(j), 72 Stat. 267; July 24,
1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(m), 73 Stat. 251, related to
encouragement of free enterprise and private participation. See
section 2351 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1934 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1934. Repealed. Pub. L. 94-329, title II, Sec. 212(b)(1), June
30, 1976, 90 Stat. 745
-MISC1-
Section, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 414, 68 Stat.
848; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 205(k), 72 Stat.
267; Oct. 18, 1962, Pub. L. 87-845, Sec. 5, 76A Stat. 698; Nov. 14,
1967, Pub. L. 90-137, pt. IV, Sec. 403, 81 Stat. 463; Dec. 17,
1973, Pub. L. 93-189, Sec. 27, 87 Stat. 732; Nov. 29, 1975, Pub. L.
94-141, title I, Sec. 150(a), 89 Stat. 760, related to authority of
President to control export and import of arms, ammunition, and
implements of war.
REFERENCE TO FORMER SECTION 1934 OF THIS TITLE DEEMED REFERENCE TO
SECTION 2778
Section 212(b)(1) of Pub. L. 94-329 provided in part that: "Any
reference to such section [this section] shall be deemed to be a
reference to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [section
2778 of this title] and any reference to licenses issued under
section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act shall be deemed to
include a reference to licenses issued under section 414 of the
Mutual Security Act of 1954."
SAVING PROVISION
Section 212(b)(2) of Pub. L. 94-329 provided that: "All
determinations, authorizations, regulations, orders, contracts,
agreements, and other actions issued, undertaken, or entered into
under section 414 of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [this section]
shall continue in full force and effect until modified, revoked, or
superseded by appropriate authority."
-EXEC-
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 11432
Ex. Ord. No. 11432, Oct. 22, 1968, 33 F.R. 15701, which amended
section 301 of Ex. Ord. No. 10973, Nov. 6, 1961, 26 F.R. 10469, in
regard to delegation of certain functions concerning arms control
to the Department of the Treasury, was omitted in view of the
subsequent amendment to section 301 by Ex. Ord. No. 11959, Jan. 18,
1977, 42 F.R. 4315.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1935, 1936 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Secs. 1935, 1936. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1935, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 415, 68
Stat. 849; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(l), 70 Stat. 559, related
to stockpiling of supplies.
Section 1936, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 416, 68
Stat. 849; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 8(m), 71 Stat. 362,
provided for facilitation and encouragement of travel.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1937 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1937. Irish counterpart account; approval of disposition
-STATUTE-
Pursuant to section 1513(b)(6) (!1) of this title, the
disposition within Ireland of the unencumbered balance, in the
amount of approximately 6,000,000 Irish pounds, of the special
account of Irish funds established under article IV of the Economic
Cooperation Agreement between the United States of America and
Ireland, dated June 28, 1948, for the purposes of -
(1) scholarship exchange between the United States and Ireland;
(2) other programs and projects (including the establishment of
an Agricultural Institute) to improve and develop the
agricultural production and marketing potential of Ireland and to
increase the production and efficiency of Irish industry; and
(3) development programs and projects in aid of the foregoing
objectives,
is approved, as provided in the agreement between the Government of
the United States of America and the Government of Ireland, dated
June 17, 1954.
-SOURCE-
(Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 417, 68 Stat. 849.)
-REFTEXT-
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Section 1513(b)(6) of this title, referred to in text, was
repealed by section 542(a)(4) of act Aug. 26, 1954.
-FOOTNOTE-
(!1) See References in Text note below.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1938 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1938. Repealed. July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(m), 70 Stat.
559
-MISC1-
Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title IV, Sec. 418, as added
July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(j), 69 Stat. 287, authorized the
establishment of President's Fund for Asian Economic Development.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Secs. 1939 to 1941 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Secs. 1939 to 1941. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), (7), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
-MISC1-
Section 1939, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 419, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 8(n), 71 Stat. 362;
amended June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 205(l), 72
Stat. 267; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Sec. 205(n), 73
Stat. 251; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(l), 74
Stat. 138, related to atoms for peace. See section 2171(c) of this
title.
Act July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 12, 70 Stat. 565, which was
formerly classified to section 1939 of this title and authorized
appropriations for atoms for peace, was repealed by Pub. L. 87-195,
pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(4) Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460.
Section 1940, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 420, as
added Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 8(n), 71 Stat. 362;
amended June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. II, Sec. 205(m), 72
Stat. 267, provided for a program of malaria eradication.
Section 1940a, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. II, Sec. 421, as
added May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Sec. 204(m), 74 Stat.
138, related to loans to small farmers. See section 2175 of this
title.
Section 1941, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. V, Sec. 501, July 24, 1959, 73
Stat. 255, provided for international cooperation in health.
Subsec. (b) of section 501 of Pub. L. 86-108 was previously
repealed by Pub. L. 86-472, ch. IV, Sec. 602, May 14, 1960, 74
Stat. 141.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1942 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1942. Development assistance in Latin America; Congressional
declaration of policy
-STATUTE-
(a) It is the sense of the Congress that -
(1) the historic, economic, political, and geographic
relationships among the American Republics are unique and of
special significance and, as appropriate, should be so recognized
in future legislation;
(2) although governmental forms differ among the American
Republics, the peoples of all the Americas are dedicated to the
creation and maintenance of governments which will promote
individual freedom;
(3) the interests of the American Republics are so interrelated
that sound social and economic progress in each is of importance
to all and that lack of it in any American Republic may have
serious repercussions in others;
(4) for the peoples of Latin America to continue to progress
within the framework of our common heritage of democratic ideals,
there is a compelling need for the achievement of social and
economic advance adequate to meet the legitimate aspirations of
the individual citizens of the countries of Latin America for a
better way of life;
(5) there is a need for a plan of hemispheric development, open
to all American Republics which cooperate in such plan, based
upon a strong production effort, the expansion of foreign trade,
the creation and maintenance of internal financial stability, the
growth of free economic and social institutions, and the
development of economic cooperation, including all possible steps
to establish and maintain equitable rates of exchange and to
bring about the progressive elimination of trade barriers;
(6) mindful of the advantages which the United States has
enjoyed through the existence of a large domestic market with no
internal trade barriers, and believing that similar advantages
can accrue to all countries, it is the hope of the people of the
United States that all American Republics will jointly exert
sustained common efforts which will speedily achieve that
economic cooperation in the Western Hemisphere which is essential
for lasting peace and prosperity; and
(7) accordingly, it is declared to be the policy of the people
of the United States to sustain and strengthen principles of
individual liberty, free institutions, private enterprise, and
genuine independence in the Western Hemisphere through
cooperation with all American Republics which participate in a
joint development program based upon self-help and mutual
efforts.
(b) In order to carry forward the above policy, the Congress
hereby -
(1) urges the President through our constitutional processes to
develop cooperative programs on a bilateral or multilateral basis
which will set forth specific plans of action designed to foster
economic progress and improvements in the welfare and level of
living of all the peoples of the American Republics on the basis
of joint aid, mutual effort, and common sacrifice;
(2) proposes the development of workable procedures to expand
hemispheric trade and to moderate extreme price fluctuations in
commodities which are of exceptional importance in the economies
of the American Republics, and encourages the development of
regional economic cooperation among the American Republics;
(3) supports the development of a more accurate and sympathetic
understanding among the peoples of the American Republics through
a greater interchange of persons, ideas, techniques, and
educational, scientific, and cultural achievements;
(4) supports the strengthening of free democratic trade unions
to raise standards of living through improved management-labor
relations;
(5) favors the progressive development of common standards with
respect to the rights and the responsibilities of private
investment which flows across national boundaries within the
Western Hemisphere;
(6) supports the consolidation of the public institutions and
agencies of inter-American cooperation, insofar as feasible,
within the structure of the Organization of American States and
the strengthening of the personnel resources and authority of the
Organization in order that it may play a role of increasing
importance in all aspects of hemispheric cooperation; and
(7) declares that it is prepared to give careful and
sympathetic consideration to programs which the President may
develop for the purpose of promoting these policies.
-SOURCE-
(Pub. L. 86-735, Sec. 1, Sept. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 869.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
SHORT TITLE
Pub. L. 88-205, pt. IV, Sec. 401(a), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 390,
amended Pub. L. 86-735 to provide: "That this Act [enacting this
section and sections 1943 to 1945 of this title and amending
section 1753a of this title] may be cited as the 'Latin American
Development Act'."
REVISION OF SOCIAL PROGRESS TRUST FUND AGREEMENT
Pub. L. 93-189, Sec. 36, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 734, as amended
by Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(a)(9), Dec. 29, 1981, 95
Stat. 1560, provided that:
"(a) The President or his delegate shall seek, as soon as
possible a revision of the Social Progress Trust Fund Agreement
(dated June 19, 1961) between the United States and the
Inter-American Development Bank. Such revision should provide for
the -
"(1) periodic transfer of unencumbered capital resources of
such trust fund, and of any future repayments or other accruals
otherwise payable to such trust fund, to the Inter-American
Foundation, to be administered by the Foundation for purposes of
part IV of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 (22 U.S.C. 290f and
following);
"(2) utilization of such unencumbered capital resources, future
repayments, and other accruals by the Inter-American Development
Bank for purposes of sections 1 and 2 of the Latin American
Development Act (22 U.S.C. 1942 and 1943) in such a way that the
resources received in the currencies of the more developed member
countries are utilized to the extent possible for the benefit of
the lesser developed member countries; or
"(3) both the transfer described in paragraph (1) and the
utilization described in paragraph (2).
"(b) Any transfer or utilization under this section shall be in
such proportions as may be agreed to between the United States and
the Inter-American Development Bank.
"(c) Any transfer under subsection (a)(1) shall be in the
amounts, and in available currencies, determined in consultation
with the Inter-American Foundation, to be required for its program
purposes.
"(d) The revision of the Social Progress Trust Fund Agreement
pursuant to this section shall provide that the President or his
delegate shall specify, from time to time, after consultation with
the Inter-American Development Bank, the particular currencies to
be used in making the transfer or utilization described in this
section.
"(e) [Repealed. Pub. L. 97-113, title VII, Sec. 734(a)(9), Dec.
29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560]."
[For amendment of provisions of section 36 of Pub. L. 93-189, set
out above, see Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(2) [title V,
Sec. 586(h)(2), (j)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-120, set
out in an Abolition of the Inter-American Foundation note under
section 290f of this title.]
-EXEC-
DELEGATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES RELATED TO THE LATIN AMERICAN
DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1960
Memorandum of President of the United States, May 30, 2001, 66
F.R. 30629, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
By the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the
United States of America, including section 301 of title 3 of the
United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the
functions conferred upon the President by the Latin American
Development Act of 1960, 22 U.S.C. 1942 et seq.
The functions delegated by this memorandum may be redelegated as
appropriate.
You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the
Federal Register.
George W. Bush.
-SECREF-
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 1943, 1945 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1943 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1943. Authorization of appropriations; restrictions; reports
to Congressional committees
-STATUTE-
In order to carry out the purposes of section 1942 of this title,
there is authorized to be appropriated to the President not to
exceed $680,000,000, which shall remain available until expended,
and which the President may use, subject to such further
legislative provisions as may be enacted, in addition to other
funds available for such purposes, on such terms and conditions as
he may specify: Provided, That none of the funds made available
pursuant to this section shall be used to furnish assistance to any
country in Latin America being subjected to economic or diplomatic
sanctions by the Organization of American States. The Secretary of
State shall keep the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate
and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House currently
informed about plans and programs for the utilization of such
funds.
-SOURCE-
(Pub. L. 86-735, Sec. 2, Sept. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 870; Pub. L.
88-205, pt. IV, Sec. 401(b), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 390.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
AMENDMENTS
1963 - Pub. L. 88-205 substituted "$680,000,000" for
"$500,000,000".
-CHANGE-
CHANGE OF NAME
Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives treated
as referring to Committee on International Relations of House of
Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104-14, set out as a
note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress.
-TRANS-
DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS
For delegation of certain functions of President under this
section, see Memorandum of President of May 30, 2001, 66 F.R.
30629, set out as a note under section 1942 of this title.
-SECREF-
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 1945 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1944 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1944. Reconstruction assistance in Chile; authorization of
appropriations
-STATUTE-
There is authorized to be appropriated to the President not to
exceed $100,000,000, which shall remain available until expended,
for use, in addition to other funds available for such purposes, in
the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Chile on such terms and
conditions as the President may specify.
-SOURCE-
(Pub. L. 86-735, Sec. 3, Sept. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 870.)
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-TRANS-
DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS
For delegation of certain functions of President under this
section, see Memorandum of President of May 30, 2001, 66 F.R.
30629, set out as a note under section 1942 of this title.
-SECREF-
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 1945 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1945 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER III - ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
Part D - Special Assistance and Other Programs
-HEAD-
Sec. 1945. Utilization of funds for assistance in Latin America;
availability for transportation of immigrants from Ryukyuan
Archipelago
-STATUTE-
(a) Funds appropriated under sections 1943 and 1944 of this title
may be used for assistance under sections 1942 to 1945 of this
title pursuant to such provisions applicable to the furnishing of
such assistance contained in any successor Act to the Mutual
Security Act of 1954, as amended, as the President determines to be
necessary to carry out the purposes for which such funds are
appropriated.
(b) Of the funds appropriated under section 1943 of this title
not more than $800,000 shall be available only for assisting in
transporting to and settling in Latin America selected immigrants
from that portion of the Ryukyuan Archipelago under United States
administration.
-SOURCE-
(Pub. L. 86-735, Sec. 4, as added Pub. L. 87-195, pt. IV, Sec. 706,
Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 463.)
-REFTEXT-
REFERENCES IN TEXT
The Mutual Security Act of 1954, referred to in text, is act Aug.
26, 1954, ch. 937, 68 Stat. 832, as amended by acts July 8, 1955,
ch. 301, 69 Stat. 283; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Secs. 2 to 11, 70
Stat. 555; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, 71 Stat. 355; June 30,
1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch. 1, Secs. 101 to 103, ch. II, Secs. 201 to
205, ch. III, Sec. 301, ch. IV, Sec. 401, ch. V, Sec. 501, 72 Stat.
261; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, Sec. 2, ch. 1, Sec. 101, ch.
II, Secs. 201 to 205(a) to (i), (k) to (n), ch. III, Sec. 301, ch.
IV, Sec. 401(a) to (k), (m), 73 Stat. 246; May 14, 1960, Pub. L.
86-472, ch. I to V, 74 Stat. 134, which was principally classified
to chapter 24 (Sec. 1750 et seq.) of this title and which was
repealed by act July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(m), 70 Stat. 559,
Pub. L. 85-141, Secs. 2(e), 3, 4(b), 11(d), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat.
356, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. II, Secs. 205(j), ch. IV, 401(1), July 24,
1959, 73 Stat. 250, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. II, Secs. 203(d), 204(k),
May 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 138, Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec.
642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460, Pub. L. 94-329, title II,
Sec. 212(b)(1), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 745, Pub. L. 104-127, title
II, Sec. 228, Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 963, except for sections
1754, 1783, 1796, 1853, 1928, and 1937 of this title. For complete
classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
out under section 1754 of this title and Tables.
-COD-
CODIFICATION
This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954 which comprises this chapter.
-MISC1-
REPEALS
Section 706 of Pub. L. 87-195, cited as a credit to this section
was repealed by section 401 of Pub. L. 87-565, pt. IV, Aug. 1,
1962, 76 Stat. 263, except insofar as section 706 affected this
section.
-TRANS-
DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS
For delegation of certain functions of President under this
section, see Memorandum of President of May 30, 2001, 66 F.R.
30629, set out as a note under section 1942 of this title.
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC SUBCHAPTER IV - CONTINGENCY FUND 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER IV - CONTINGENCY FUND
-HEAD-
SUBCHAPTER IV - CONTINGENCY FUND
-End-
-CITE-
22 USC Sec. 1951 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER IV - CONTINGENCY FUND
-HEAD-
Sec. 1951. Repealed
-MISC1-
Subsecs. (a) and (b), acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. III, Sec.
451(a), (b), 68 Stat. 843; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(a), 69
Stat. 286; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(a), 70 Stat. 557; Aug.
14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-141, Sec. 8(b), 71 Stat. 360; June 30, 1958,
Pub. L. 85-477, ch. III, Sec. 301, ch. V, Sec. 501(12)(B), 72 Stat.
268, 271; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. III, Sec. 301, 73
Stat. 252; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. III, Sec. 301, 74
Stat. 138, which related to the creation of the President's special
authority and contingency fund authorized appropriations, were
repealed by Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, Sec. 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961,
75 Stat. 460. See section 2261 of this title.
Subsec. (c), acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. III, Sec. 451(c),
68 Stat. 843; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, Sec. 8(a), 69 Stat. 286; July
18, 1956, ch. 627, Sec. 8(a), 70 Stat. 557; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L.
85-141, Sec. 8(b), 71 Stat. 360; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85-477, ch.
III, Sec. 301, ch. V, Sec. 501(12)(B), 72 Stat. 268, 271; July 24,
1959, Pub. L. 86-108, ch. III, Sec. 301, 73 Stat. 252; May 14,
1960, Pub. L. 86-472, ch. III, Sec. 301, 74 Stat. 138, related to
declaration of purpose and use of funds in connection with right of
self-determination for people subject to captivity of Communist
despotism, and was repealed by Pub. L. 87-510, Sec. 6, June 28,
1962, 76 Stat. 124.
-End-
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