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Resumen de Quimica Organica (CxHy
Hidrocarburos enlace triple
Es una gran variedad de compuestos organicos
Existen 3 tipos de hidrocarburos :
- Alifaticos Saturados (C - C)
Insaturados (C = C) : Alquenos
(C C) : Alquinos
- Ciclicos (Aliciclicos)
- Aromaticos (Naftalina) (*No entra*)
Nomenclatura
SE COMPONE DE:
Prefijo Terminacion
(Indica el n° de atomos de C) (Tipo de compuesto)
N° de C | Prefijo |
N=1 | MET |
N=2 | ET |
N=3 | PROP |
N=4 | BUT |
N=5 | PENT |
N=6 | HEX |
N=7 | HEPT |
N=8 | OCT |
N=9 | NON |
N=10 | DEC |
Tipos de Formulas
-Formula general (FG): ejemplo: CNH2N+2
-Formula Molecular (FM): ejemplo: Propano C3H8
-Formula empidica (FE) : Representa la minima proporcion de atomos
en una molecula ( simplificado)
ejemplo: Butano FM: C4H10 FE: C2H5
-Formula desarrollada (FD): Representa la estructura espacial de los atomos
en una molecula . H H H
Ejemplo: Propeno FM : C3H8 FD: | | |
H - C - C - C - H
| | |
H H H
-Formula sub desarrollada (FSD):
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH3 - (CH2)3 - CH3
(CH2) 3
Alcanos
-
Son compuestos organicos (C)
-
Tiene carácter binario (2 elementos - CXHY)
-
Son Alifaticos (cadenas abiertas o alargadas)
-
Son Saturados (entre C y C los enlaces son siempre simples )
-
Su formula gral es: CNH2N+2
-
Se pone el prefijo + “ANO” EJEMPLO: - C2H6 ETANO
-
C5H12 PENTANO
Radicales Alcanos
-H
Alcano Radical alcano (“il” “ilo”)
Cambia terminacion de ano a il o ilo
- H
Propano C3H7 (Propil o Propilo)
(C3H8)
Hexano C6H13 (Hexil o Hexilo)
(C6H14)
Derivados de los alcanos
Butano : CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3
1 2 | 3 4 2 - Metil - Butano
CH3 Butano
Metil pq el metil esta en el n°2
Alquenos
-
Hidrocarburos
-
Insaturados de tipo alifatico
-
Poseen al menos 1 enlace covalente doble ( si poseen varios enlaces dobles se denominan polienos)
-
Su formula gral es CNH2N
-
Su terminacion es “ENO” o “ILENO”
N° C = 3 PROPENO C3H6
- Polienos
Nombre : Prefijo + N°Enlaces + ENO
- Son isomeros de los alquinos porke su formula general es : CNH2N-2
N° Enlaces: 2 enlaces = DI
3 Enlaces = TRI
4 Enlaces = TETRA
Ejemplos: H H
| | N°C=3
C = C = C PROPA DI ENO
| |
H H
Alquinos
Ejemplo : Etino H - C C - H CH CH
FD FSD
H
|
Propino: H - C - C - H FD C3H4
|
H
Poli inos
CH C - C CH C4H2 1,3 - Butadi ino
(Los enlaces trilples, no pueden ir seguidos)
Hidrocarburos Aliciclicos
Existen 2 tipos: a) Ciclo alcanos (ciclanos)
b) Ciclo alquenos (ciclenos)
a)
- H2
Alcano Cicloalcano
(propano) (Ciclopropano)
CH3 - CH2 - CH3 CH2
(C3H6)
CH2 CH2
b)
-
Numero minimo de atomos de carbono: 3 .... max: 6
-
Insaturados
-
Tienen un enlace covalente doble entre C - C
-
SU FORMULA GRAL ES : CNH2N-2
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Enviado por: | Nef_tux Icq N°102638214 |
Idioma: | castellano |
País: | Chile |