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Gramática de Inglés
GRAMÁTICA DE INGLÉS
Preguntas con palabras de pregunta
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What (qué)
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Who (quién)
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Which (Cuál)
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When (Cuándo)
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Why (Por qué)
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Whose (De quién)
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How (Cómo)
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Where (Dónde)
Preguntas sin palabra de pregunta
Estas preguntas se responden con yes o no (si o no)
Preguntas con un verbo auxiliar
Para interrogación el orden es: verbo+sujeto+complementos
Preguntas sin verbo auxiliar
En el Past Simple y en el Present Simple, se utiliza Do/Does (Present Simple) y Did (Past Simple), para formular preguntas.
Present Continuous
Forma
To be + verb + -ing (present participle)
Postitivo y negativo
I | ´m (am) | working |
He She It | ´s (is) isn´t | working |
We You They | ´re (are) aren´t | working |
Pregunta
What | am | i | wearing? |
What | is | He She it | wearing? |
What | are | We You they | wearing? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I am
No, I´m not
Yes, he is
No, he isn´t
Yes, they are
No, they aren´t
Nota:
No se usan contracciones en las respuestas cortas
Uso
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Para expresar una actividad que está pasando ahora.
-
Para expresar una actividad que está pasando ahora, pero no en el momento de hablar.
-
Para expresar un futuro planeado y muy ajustado
Present Simple
Forma
Sujeto + verbo + complementos
Positivo y negativo
I We You They | live | near here |
He She It | lives | near hear |
Pregunta
Where do | I We You They | live? |
Where does | He She It | lives ? |
Uso
-
Para expresar hábitos
-
Para expresar un hecho que siempre es verdad
-
Para expresar un hecho que es verdad por un período largo de tiempo
Have/have got
Positivo
I We You They | Have ´ve got | two sisters |
He She It | Has ´s got | two sisters |
Negativo
I We You They | Don´t have Haven´t got | any money |
He She It | Doesn´t have Hasn´t got | any money |
Pregunta
Do | I We You They | have a car? |
Does | He She It | have a car? |
Have | I We You They | got a car? |
Has | He She It | got a car? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I have / Yes I do
No, I haven´t / No, I don´t
Yes, he has / Yes he does
No, he hasn´t / No he doesn´t
Nota
Se pueden usar contracciones con have got, pero con have no.
Uso
-
Have y have got significan lo mismo (haber / tener), pero have got es informal.
Se usa al hablar, pero no al escribir.
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Expresan posesión
Cuando have + sustantivo, significa una actividad o hábito, do/does/don´t ... se usa y have got no.
Nota
En el Past Simple no se usa have got.
Past Simple
Forma
Las formas del Past Simple son las mismas para todas las personas.
Los verbos regulares se forman añadiendo ed al verbo en presente.
Positivo
I He/ She / It You We They | finished | yesterday |
Negativo
Se ponde didn´t , pero el verbo se deja en Present Simple.
I She You Etc. | Didn´t (did not) | arrive yesterday |
Pregunta
Se pone did al principio de la pregunta, y el verbo se deja en presente.
When did | She You They He Etc. | arrive? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I did
No, I didn´t
Uso
-
Para expresar una acción acabada en el pasado.
-
Para expresar las acciones que siguen en una historia.
Nota
Con el Past Simple, se suelen usar expresiones como:
Last year, last month, yesterday, tomorrow, in 1945, five years ago...
Past Continuous
Forma
Was/were (pasaso del verbo to be) + verbo + ing (present participle)
Positivo y negativo
I He She It | Was Wasn´t (was not) | working |
We You They | Were Weren´t (were not) | working |
3. Pregunta
What | was | I He She It | doing? |
What | were | We You They | doing? |
4. Respuesta corta
Yes, I was / No, I wasn´t
Yes, they were / No, they weren´t
5. Uso
-
Para expresar una acción pasada por encima de un período de tiempo.
6. Interrupted action
I was doing my homework, when she arrived.
When she arrived, I was doing my homework.
Nota
En las historias en Past Continuous, se usa para describir la escena y con el Past Simple se cuenta la acción.
The Passive
Forma
Am/is/are (to be) | +verb + ed (past participle) |
Was/were (past to be) | + verb +ed (past participle) |
Has/have been | + verb +ed (past participle) |
Presente
Positivo y negativo
English is spoken all over the world (positivo)
Coffe isn´t grown in England (negativo)
Pregunta
Where is rice grown?
3. Pasado
Positivo y negativo
My car was stolen last night (negativo)
He wasn´t injuried in the accident (positivo)
Pregunta
How was the window broken?
Present Perfect
Positivo y negativo
I´ve been robbed (positivo)
Diet Coke hansn´t been made since 1987 (negativo)
Pregunta
Has my car been repaired?
Respuestas cortas
Yes, they are/ No, they aren´t
Yes, he was/ No, he wasn´t
Yes, it has/ No, it hasn´t
Nota
The Passive con infinitivo (to be + verbo + ed), se utiliza después de un verbo modal.
Uso
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El O.D. de un verbo activo se convierte en sujeto de un verbo pasivo.
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Otro camino de expresar la misma oración, pero en pasiva. Elegimos una u otra dependiendo del interés.
Gustos
Positivo Negativo
Adore Loathe
Love Hate
Really like Really dislike
Quite like Dislike
Like Don´t like
Conditionals
Type 1: Possible
If+ present+ ........+ future (will/won´t)
Ej:
If it rains, I´ll take my umbrella
Type 2: Unlikely/Unreal
If+ past simple+ ........+ conditional (would/could)
Ej:
If it rained, I´ll take my umbrella
Type 3: Impossible
If+ past perfect + ........ + conditional perfect (would/could + have+ past participle)
Ej:
If it had rained, I´d have taken my umbrella
Present Perfect Simple
Forma:
Have/Has + past participle (-ed )
Positivo y negativo:
I We You They | ´ve (have) haven´t | worked in a factory |
He She It | ´s (has) hasn´t | worked in a factory |
Pregunta
Have | I We You They | been to United States? |
Has | He She It | been to United States? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I have/ No,I haven´t
Yes, she has/ No, she hasn´t
Uso
-
Para expresar una acción que empieza en el pasado y continua en el presente.
Ever- Alguna vez
Never- Nunca
For+ período de tiempo
Since+ comienzo de período de tiempo
Yet-Ya (en pregunta y negativa)
Already-Ya (en afirmativa)
Just- Justo, acabo, acción realizada recientemente
Have you ever been to Ireland?
I have never been to Ireland
I have been in Ireland for nine years/ a long time
I have been in Ireland since I was born/1945
Have you done your homework yet?
I haven´t done my homework yet
I have already done my homework
I have just done my homework
Going to
Forma
To be+ going + to + infinitivo
Positivo y negativo
I | ´m (am) ´m not | going to work |
He She It | ´s (is) isn´t | going to work |
We You They | ´re (are) aren´t | going to work |
Pregunta
When | am | I | going to arrive? |
When | Is | He She It | going to arrive? |
When | are | We You they | going to arrive? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, they are/ No, they aren´t
Yes, he is/ No, he isn´t
Yes, I am/ No, I´m not
Uso
-
Para expresar una intención futura hecha antes del momento de hablar.
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Para algo que podemos ver o sentir y puede pasar en el futuro.
What........like?
Forma
What+ to be+ subject + like?
Positivo
What´s your teacher like?
Uso
-
Sirve para describir alguien o algo.
Nota
How is your mother?
Es para hablar de la salud, no de descripción.
Will
Forma
Will + infinitivo ( sin to)
Positivo y negativo
I She You They Etc. | ´ll (will) won´t | arrive next week |
Pregunta
When will | He You They I Etc. | arrive? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I will/ No, I won´t
Uso
-
Para expresar una futura intención o decisión hecha al momento de hablar.
-
Para expresar un hecho futuro.
Past Perfect
Forma
Subject+ had + verb + past participle (-ed)
Positivo y negativo
I He She It We You They | ´d (had) hadn´t | arrived before 10:00 |
Pregunta
Had | I He She It We You They | left? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, it had/ No, it hadn´t
Uso
-
Se usa para expresar una acción en el pasado, que pasó antes de otra acción en el pasado.
Have to
Forma
Has/have + to + participio
Positivo y negativo
I We You They | Have Don´t have | to work hard |
He She It | Has Doesn´t have | to work hard |
Pregunta
Do | I We You They | Have to work hard? |
Does | He She It | Have to work hard? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I do/ No, I don´t
Yes, he does/ No, he doesn´t
Uso
-
Para expresar obligación fuerte que viene de fuera.
Modal verbs
Formas
Can/could
May/might
Shall/should
Will/would
Must/mustn´t
Needn´t
Usos
Must: Órdenes, prohibición en negativo
Should: Consejos, sugerencias
Might: Menos posible de 50%
May: 50% posible
Needn´t: No necesario
Necesidad: Must
Prohibición: Mustn´t
No necesario: needn´t
Consejo: Should, shouldn´t
Permiso: Can, could, may
Capacidad: Can, could
Solicitar: Could, will, would
Respuesta: Would, Shall
3. Características
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Mismas formas en todas las personas
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No se usa el to (excepto para ought to)
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Para el negativo se añade not o n´t, nunca don´t o doesn´t
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A may y might no se añade n´t, sino not
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Para preguntas verbo antes del sujeto
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Will not=won´t
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Past can=Could
Should
Forma
Should + infinitivo ( sin to)
Positivo y negativo
I He We They Etc. | should do more exercises shouldn´t tell lies |
Pregunta
Should | I She They | see a doctor |
Do you think | I He We They | should see a doctor? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, you should/ No, you shouldn´t
Uso
-
Para expresar lo que el que habla piensa está bien o es la mejor cosa para hacer.
-
Expresa ligera obligación o consejo.
-
Shouldn´t expresa un consejo negativo.
Might
Forma
Might + infinitivo (sin to)
Sus formas son las mismas en todas las personas
Positivo y negativo
I He It We Etc. | Might Might not | go to the party |
La contracción mightn´t es inusual.
Pregunta
Might.... you? es inusual.
Se utiliza do you think....... + will.......?
Do you think | You´ll get here on time? |
Respuesta corta
He might/ It might
Uso
-
Se usa para expresar una posibilidad futura.
-
Will expresa un futuro perfecto, might menos del 50% de posiblidades.
Comparativos y superlativos
Forma
Comparativo: +er (2 sílabas o 1), más se pone more delante del adj.
Superlativo: + est (2 sílabas o 1), más se pone most delante del adj.
Uso
-
Than va después del comparativo.
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The para el superlativo
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As..... as (tan....como)
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Not as/ so.....as (no como)
Expresiones de cantidad
Formas
Some/any
A few/ A little
A lot of / Lots of
Much / Many
Uso
Diferencias entre adjetivos contables o incontables:
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Los sustantivos contables pueden ir en singular o en plural
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Los sustantivos incontables siempre van en singular
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En los sustantivos contables se utiliza some + un sustantivo plural en las oraciones positivas y any + un sustantivo plural en la pregunta, y la negación.
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En los incontables some va en positivo y any en pregunta o negativa
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Los contables con many en preguntas y negativas, en los incontables con much en preguntas y negativas.
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Los contables, y los incontables van con a lot of, o lots of en positivo.
And, but, because
And
Expresa adición (y)
2. But
Para contrastar entre medio de dos ideas (pero)
Because
Introduce una razón por la primera parte de la frase (porque)
A y The
A:
Se utiliza en singular en adjetivos contables referentes a una idea.
The
En singular y plural tanto en adjetivos contables como en incontables.
Like doing and would like to do
Like doing
Expresa diversión
Would like to do
Expresa preferencia ahora u en otro momento.
Present Perfect Continuous
Forma
Has/have + been + verb + ing
Positivo y negativo
I We You They | ´ve (have) haven´t | been working? |
He She It | ´s (has) hasn´t | been working? |
Pregunta
How long | have | I We You They | been working? |
How long | has | He She It | been working? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I have/ No, I haven´t
Yes, he has/ No, he hasn´t
Uso
-
Para expresar una actividad que continua en el presente
-
Para referirse a una actividad con un resultado en el presente.
Used to
Forma
Used+ to + infinitive
Positive and negative
I She They Etc. | Used to Didn´t use to | smoke like cooking |
Pregunta
What did you used to do? |
Respuesta corta
Yes, I did/ No, I didn´t
Uso
-
Para expresar un hábito pasado.
-
Para expresar un estado pasado.
Nota
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La forma de pregunta no es muy corriente.
A veces se pregunta en el Past Simple, y se responde con used to.
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Never se utiliza mucho
Ej: I never used to watch TV
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No confundirlo con el verbo to use.
Verbos irregulares
INFINITIVE | SIMPLE PAST | PAST PARTICIPLE | TRANSLATION |
Become | Became | Become | Convertirse |
Break | Broke | Broken | Romper |
Bring | Brought | Brought | Traer |
Build | Built | Built | Edificar |
Buy | Bought | Bought | Comprar |
Can | Could | Could | Poder |
Catch | Caught | Caught | Tomar |
Come | Came | Come | Venir |
Cost | Cost | Cost | Costar |
Do | Did | Done | Hacer |
Draw | Drew | Drawn | Dibujar |
Dream | Dreamed | Dreamt | Soñar |
Drink | Drank | Drunk | Beber |
Drive | Drove | Driven | Conducir |
Eat | Ate | Eaten | Comer |
Fall | Fell | Fallen | Caer |
Feel | Felt | Felt | Sentir |
Find | Found | Found | Encontrar |
Fly | Flew | Flown | Volar |
Forget | Forgot | Forgotten | Olvidar |
Get | Got | Got | Ponerse |
Give | Gave | Given | Dar |
Go | Went | Gone | Ir |
Have | Had | Had | Haber o tener |
Hear | Heard | Heard | Oir |
Hurt | Hurt | Hurt | Herir |
Know | Knew | Known | Saber |
Lead | Led | Led | Llevar |
Learn | Learnt | Learnt | Aprender |
Leave | Left | Left | Salir |
Lend | Lent | Lent | Prestar |
Lie | Lay / Lied | Lain/ Lied | Mentir/ Estar tumbado |
Make | Made | Made | Hacer |
Meet | Met | Met | Conocer |
Pay | Paid | Paid | Pagar |
Put | Put | Put | Poner |
Read | Read | Read | Leer |
Run | Ran | Run | Correr |
Say | Said | Said | Decir |
See | Saw | Saw | Ver |
Sell | Sold | Sold | Vender |
Send | Sent | Sent | Enviar |
Show | Showed | Showed | Mostrar |
Sing | Sang | Sung | Cantar |
Sit | Sat | Sat | Sentarse |
Sleep | Slept | Slept | Dormir |
Speak | Spoke | Spoken | Hablar |
Spend | Spent | Spent | Gastar |
Stand | Stood | Stood | Estar de pie |
Swim | Swam | Swum | Nadar |
Take | Took | Token | Coger |
Tell | Told | Told | Contar |
Think | Thought | Thought | Pensar |
Wake up | Woke up | Woken up | Despertarse |
Wear | Wore | Worn | Vestir/ Llevar |
Will | |||
Write | Wrote | Written | Escribir |
Win | Won | Won | Ganar |
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Enviado por: | Marcos |
Idioma: | castellano |
País: | España |