• MODAL VERBS OF OBBLIGATION:

• MUST:

• MUST + INFINITIVE.

• STRONG OBLIGATIONS WHICH EXPRESS OF THE PERSON.

• FOR FORMAL RULES OR LAWS (Passengers must fasten their seat belts now,)

• SUGGESTIONS, ADVICE, RECOMMENDATIONS THAT THE PERSON FEELS STRONGLY. (You must come to my party, everyone's is going to be there)

• MUSTN´T:

• MUSNT´T + INFINITIVE

• EXPRESS PROHIBITION

• NEGATIVE RULES OR LAWS. (Drivers mustn't exceed the speed limit.)

• STRONG ADVICE. ( You mustn't blame yourself. )

• HAVE TO:

• HAVE TO + INFINTIVE

• STRONG OBLIGATIONS WHICH EXPRESS THE AUTORITY OF A THIRD PERSON.

• TO THE SPEAKER TO SHOW THEY ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPOSING THE OBLIGATION, OR DO NOT AGREE WITH IT. (I have to work late. My boss said so)

• WHEN YOU REMIND SB A RULE OR LAW (You have to wear a set belt in the back of the cars)

• HAVE GOT TO:

• HAVE GOT TO…

• MORE INFORMAL THAN HAVE TO + INF.

• DIRECT COMANDS (You have got to stop wasting your money)

• FOR EMPHASIS (I have got to pass the exam today)

• DO NOT HAVE TO / HAVE NOT GOT TO

• DON'T HAVE TO / HAVEN'T HAVE TO…

• LACK OR OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY ( You don't have to wear uniform, but you can if you like)

• NEED TO:

• NEED TO …

• NEEDS OR NECESSITIES, NO OBLIGATIONS. ( I need to now all about that person)

• DON'T NEED TO / NEEDN'T:

• DON'T NEED TO / NEEDN'T + INFINITIVE.

• LACK OF OBLIGATION OR NECESITY, VERY SIMILAR TO DON'T HAVE TO. ( There are no lessons tomorrow, so I don't need to get up early / You needn't tell me your phone number if you don't want you.)

• DIDN'T NEED TO:

• DIDN'T NEED TO + INFINITIVE

• IT WAS NOT NECESSARY SO WE DIDN'T DO IT. ( It was to early so we didn't need to hurry to go to the beach)

• NEEDN'T HAVE:

• NEEDN'T HAVE+ 3º RD.

• IT WAS NOT NECESARRY BUT WE ALSO DID IT. ( He needn't have driven so fast; now he has to pay a fine)

• PAST TIME:

• PAST SIMPLE:

• REGULAR OR IRREGULAR VERB ONLY.

• ACTION OR EVENT THAT IS FINISHED.

• SPECIFIC PLACE AND TIME IN THE PAST ( Judy went to EE UU last week)

• ESPECIFIC PERIOD IN THE PAST (She lived in Argentina between 1990 and 1999)

• WAS HABITUAL DURING AN ESPECIFIC PERIOD (When she lived in Argentina, she ate up at 10 o'clock)

• PAST CONTINUOS:

• VERB IN SIMPLE PAST + -ING.

• CONTINUOS EVENT IN THE PAST, PUEDE O NO ESTAR TERMINADO ( She was working hard)

• TEMPORARY EVENT IN THE PAST WHICH WAS BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION. ( I was cooking when I heard the telephone rang)

• AN EVENT THAT START BEFORE ANOTHER EVENT IN THE PAST AND CONTINUED. (When I come in, all the other people were eating the desert)

• SIMULTANEOS ACTIONS IN THE PAST. ( While I was trying to sleep my sister was looking tv)

• REPEATED ACTIONS OCCURING OVER A PERIOD IN THE PAST. (Before I got on my own flat, I was always arguing with my parents)

• PAST PERFECT:

• HAD + 3º COLUMN:

• A PAST EVENT WHICH OCCUR BEFORE ANOTHER PAST EVENT ( Mike had already left.)

• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS:

• HAD BEEN+ -ING.

• WHEN WE WANT TO EMPHASISE THE CONTINUITY AND DURATION OF AN EVENT. ( I have been doing it for ages)

• PRESENT PERFECT:

• HAVE/HAS+ 3º COLUMN

• EVENT THAT START IN THE PAST, CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT, AND MAY BE CONTINUE IN THE FUTURE.

• RECENT EVENT IN THE PAST WHICH IS IMPORTANT IN THE PRESENT. (A man has appeared in court charged with the murder of the missing person)

• AN EVENT THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT WE DON'T NOW THE ESPECIFIC TIME -NOT IMPORTANT THE TIME- ( Have you seen Jill ?)

• HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT IN UNFISHED TIME - THIS MONTH, THIS DAYS, ( I didn't see Tim last week but I have been out with him twice already this week)

• PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS:

• HAVE/ HAS BEEN + -ING.

• TO EMPHASISES THE CONTINUITY AND DURATION OF THE EVENT. ( They have been living in the same house ever since they got married)

• A CONTINUOS ACTIVITY IN THE PAST IS RESPONSIBLE OF SITUATIONS IN THE PRESENT. ( I am not crying, I have been peeling onions)

• PARTICIPLE CLAUSES: siempre las 2 partes de la oracion tienen que tener el mismo sujeto.

• PRESENT PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:

• VERB + ING.

• TIME: After he come home, he drank some coffee - - > After coming home, …

• REASON: Because he lost the bus, he arrived late - - > Losing the bus, … ( if it is negative you put NOT at the beginning of the sentence)

• RELATIVE CLAUSE: The boy who was talking fell off the horse - - > The boy talking, fell off the horse.

• PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:

• 3º COLUMN.

• RELATIVE CLAUSES: The plane which was delayed crash - - > The plane delayed crash.

• REASON: Because it was made of light steel, the plane arrived earlier - - > Made of light steel the plane…

• PERFECT PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:

• HAVING+ 3º COLUMN.

• ONE ACTION BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION: He opened the door. He found his wife on the floor - - > Having opening the door, he found . . .

• GERUNDS: VERB + ING.

• SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE:

• EATING OUT CAN BE EXPENSIVE

• OBJECT OF A SENTENCE:

• ONE OF MY INTERESTS IS COLLECTING ANTIQUES

• AFTER VERBS EXPRESING LIKE AND DISLIKES:

• LIKE

• PREFER

• HATE

• LOVE

• AFTER OTHER VERBS SUCH AS:

• CAN´T HELP: NO PODER EVITAR

• CONSIDER

• DELAY: LLEGAR TARDE, TO BE LATE

• DENY: NEGAR

• FINISH

• FORGIVE

• GIVE UP: ¿?

• IMAGINE

• INVOLVE

• KEEP

• MIND: PONER EN PELIGRO

• MISS

• POSTPONE

• PUT OFF: ¿?

• PREVENT

• REPORT

• RESIST

• RISK: ¿?

• SUGGEST

• AFTER PREPOSITIONS:

• AFTER ALL PREPOSITIONS

• IT IS FOR OPENING BOTTLES

• AFTER ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS:

• NERVOUS/WORRIED + ABOUT

• BAD/ GOOD/ CLEVER/ SKILLED + AT

• SORRY / RESPONSIBLE + FOR

• INTERESTED + IN

• CAPABLE / AFRAID/ FRIGHTENED / TERRIFIED + OF

• BORED + WITH

• PREVENTED (SB) + FROM

• HAD NO INTENTION + OF

• AFTER VERB + PREPOSITION COMBINATION:

• APOLOGIZE SB FOR

• ARREST SOMEONE FOR

• BE/ GET USED TO

• CONGRATULE SOMEONE ON

• INSIST ON

• LOOK FORWARD TO

• OBJECT TO

• SUCCEED IN

• WARN SOMEONE ABOUT

• THE INFINITE :

• AFTER SOME VERBS:

• AFFORD: BE ABLE TO PAY

• AGREE

• ARRANGE

• ASK

• APPEAR

• ATTEMPT: INTENTAR

• CHOOSE

• DECIDE

• EXPECT

• HELP

• HOPE

• INTEND

• LEARN

• MANAGE: BE ABLE TO

• OFFER

• PRETEND

• PROMISE

• REFUSE

• SEEM

• AFTER SOME ADJECTIVES:

• AMAZED

• CERTAIN

• DIFFICULT

• DISAPPOINTED

• EASY

• FREE

• GLAD: HAPPY

• HAPPY

• LIKELY: POSIBLE

• PLEASED

• POSSIBLE

• SIMPLE

• SURE

• SURPRISED

• THE GERUND OR THE INFINITIVE :

• NO CHANGE OF MEANING:

• START, BEGIN, CONTINUE

• CUANDO EL VERB ESTA EN CONTINUOS, SE USA INFINITIVE

• GENERALMENTE ESOS 3 VERBOS NO SE PONEN CON SU -ING. INCLUIDO

• EX: Jeff CONTINUE to smoke / smoking despite the doctor´s advice.

• LITTLE CHANGE OF MEANING:

• LIKE, PREFER, HATE, LOVE

• + GERUND:

• EL ENFASIS ESTA EN LO Q TE GUSTA O NO TE GUSTA LA ACCION, O EL HECHO

• YOU DO IT USUALLY

• EX: Mery prefers eating out to eating at home.

• ¡! ¡! : LIKE + INFINITIVE: MEANING OF A PREFERED ALTERNATIVE

• + INFINITIVE:

• ACCIONES O HECHOS ESPECIFICOS, EN LOS CUALES SE QUIERE DAR INFORMCION EXTRA.

• UNUSUAL ACTIVITIES

• EX: Jane prefers to eat out because there´s no washing-up to do.

• CHANGE OF MEANING:

• Verbs try, see, regret, go on, forget/remember and mean; pueden ser seguidos por gerund o infinitve y cambia el significado.

• TRY:

• + GERUND:

• EXPERIMENTAR POR PRIMERA VEZ PARA CUMPLIR UN OBJETIVO

• EX: Try going to bed earlier and see if that helps.

• + INFINITIVE:

• INTENTAR UAN ACCION DIFICIL, HACER UN ESFUERZO

• EX: Jill´s been trying to get a job since she left school, but with no success.

• STOP :

• + GERUND:

• FINISH AN ACTIVITY, STOP AN ACTIVITY

• EX: Stop talking and get on with your work!

• + INFINITIVE:

• INTERRUMPIR UNA ACCION PARA EMPEZAR OTRA

• EX: Roger stopped to have a cup of tea.

• REGRET: ARREPENTIRSE

• + GERUND:

• HACES LA ACCION Y DESPUES TE ARREPENTIS

• EX: Many people regret marrying young.

• + INFINITIVE:

• TE ARRPENTIS, O TE DA “PENA” PERO LO HACES IGUAL, COMMUNICATION

• EX: Dr. Taylor regret to say that she is unable to see patients without an appointment.

• FORGOT / REMEMBER:

• + GERUND:

• HACES LA ACCION Y DESPUES TE ACORDAS

• EX: I distincly remember asking them to come alter lunch.

• + INFINITIVE:

• TE ACORDAS, Y DESPUES HACES LA ACCION

• EX: Ann remember to lock all the doors when she went on holiday, but she forgot to close the bathroom window.

• ¡! ¡! : I FORGOT TO… : YOU DIDN´T DO IT.

• GO ON:

• + GERUND:

• CONTINUE AN ACTION

• EX: I will go on applying for jobs until I´m successful

• + INFINITIVE:

• TERMINAR UNA ACCION Y EMPEZAR OTRA.

• EX: After 7 years of study, Andy went on to become a doctor.

• MEAN:

• + GERUND:

• ABARCA

• EX: Diets usually means giving up sweet things.

• + INFINITIVE:

• INTENTAR

• EX: I meant to send you a postcard but I couldn´t remember your address.

• ¡! ¡! : MEAN SOLO PUEDE IR EN INFINITIVE SI ESTA EN PERFECT Y EN PAST TENSES.

• The verbs or perception See (watch, notice, etc), feel, hear, smell; diferente significado si estan seguidos por the infinitive (sin el to adelante) or a participle.

• + PARTICIPLE:

• PART OF AN EVENT

• EX: I noticed a man acting in a strange way. ¿? ¿?

• + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO:

• WHOLE EVENT, TODO EL EVENTO

• EX: I heard my sister come in at 1 a.m.

• SI EN UNA ORACION TENGO . . . IN THE LAS 2 YEARS: SIEMPRE SE PASA CON PRESENT PERFECT

• GRAMMAR:

• PASSIVE VOICE:

• THE VERB BE IN THE SAME TENSE AS IN THE FIRST SENTENCE + THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB.

• PRESENT SIMPLE - - - > ARE/IS

• PRESENT CONTINUOS - - - > IS/ARE BEING

• PAST SIMPLE - - - > WAS/WERE

• PAST CONTINUOS - - - > WAS/WERE BEING

• PRESENT PERFECT - - - > HAS BEEN

• PAST PERFECT - - - > HAD BEEN

• FUTURE - - - > WILL BE

• MODAL VERBS - - - > MUST BE/CAN BE

• ACTIVE SENTENCE:

• SUBJECT - - - > PERSON OR THING THAT DO THE ACTION

• PASSIVE SENTENCE:

• SUBJECT - - - > PERSON OR THING AFFECTED BY THE ACTION (este lo usas cuando queres q se enfoque todo mas a la persona o a la cosa q le esta afectando la accion)

• NOT TO PUT THE AGENT:

• WHEN IS NOT IMPORTANT, OSEA NO LO DECIMOS

• CUANDO NO SABEMOS QUIEN ES, ENTONCES NO PODEMOS SB Ó A “PERSON”

• CUANDO ES ALGUIEN OVIO. Ex: The thief was sentenced BY THE JUDGE.

• CUANDO YA FUE MENCIONADO ANTERIORMENTE

• CUANDO UNA ORACION TIENE 2 OBJECT (uno directo y otro indirecto), LOS 2 PUEDEN SER USADOS COMO SUJETO. SI HY 2 Y UNO ES UNA PERSONA, ES MAS COMUN Q SE USE A LA PERSONA Q AL OBJETO.

• CUANDO QUEREMOS TRANSMITIR UNA INFO, PERO NO SABEMOS SI ES TRUE OR FALSE, O NO SABEMOS LA FUENTE DE INFO:

• INFO ABOUT A PRESENT SITUATION:

• THE PASSIVE + INFINITIVE (Ex: Mr Smith is belived to be staying with friends)

• INFO ABOUT STH IN THE PAST:

• TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (Ex: The ship is reported to have sunk. Many people are thought to have drowned.)

• IMPERSONAL PASSIVE VOICE:

• People (Subject) think (main verb) Einstein(Subject of the D.O.) IS (Verb of the D.O.) a great scientific.: (Direct Object)

• IT + MAIN VERB IN PASSIVE + THAT + D.O.

• IT + IS THOUGHT + THAT + ENINSTEIN IS A GREAT SCIENTIST…

• SUBJECT OF D.O. + MAIN VERB IN PASSIVE + TO + VERB OF THE D.O.

• EINSTEIN + IS THOUGHT + TO + BE A GREAT SCIENTIST

• VERB OF THE DIRECT OBJECT:

• PRESENT - - - > TO + INFINITIVE

• FUTURE - - - > TO + INFINITIVE

• PAST SIMPLE - - - > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

• PRESENT PERFECT - - - > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

• PAST PERFECT - - - > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

• PRESENT CONTINUOS - - - > TO BE + ING.

• PAST CONTINUOS - - - > TO HAVE BEEN + ING.

• HAVE / GET STH DONE: (HAVE IS MORE FORMAL THAN GET, GET IS MORE USED IN THE IMPERATIVE FORM)

• ACTIONS THAT ARE FOR THE SUBJECT, NOT DONE IT BY THE SUBJECT.

• HAVE STH DONE:

• I DON´T NOW HOW TO REPAIR CARS, SO I´M HAVING MINE REPAIRED AT THE GARAGE ROUND THE CORNER

• GET STH DONE:

• I REALLY MUST GET MY EYES TESTED. I´M SURE I NEED GLASSES.

• ACTIONS THAT HAPPENED TO SB, BUT WERE OUTSIDE THEIR CONTROL.

• I STOOD SO CLOSE TO THE FIRE THAT I GOT MY LEGS BURNT.

• REPORTED SPEECH:

• WE CAN REPORTD IN 2 WAYS:

• THEIR ACTUAL WORDS: “I´ll be late home tomorrow,” Bob said.

• THE IDEA THEY EXPRESSED:

• CHANGES IN VERB TENSES:

• PRESENT SIMPLE - - - > PAST SIMPLE

• PRESENT CONTINUOS - - - > PAST CONTINUOS

• PAST SIMPLE - - - > PAST PERFECT

• PRESENT PERFECT - - - > PAST PERFECT

• PAST CONTINUOS - - - > PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS

• WILL - - - > WOULD

• CAN - - - > COULD

• MAY - - - > MIGHT

• MUST - - - > HAD TO

• CONDITIONAL 1 - - - > CONDITIONAL 2

• CONDITIONAL 2 - - - > CONDITIONAL 3

• CONDITIONAL 3 - - - > CONDITIONAL 3

• NO CHANGES IN VERB TENSES:

• WHEN THE REPORTING VERB IS IN THE PRESENT: HE SAYS.., WE DO NOT CHANGE THE ORIGINAL VERB:

• WHEN SOMEONE HAS SAID IN A NEWSPAPER OR A LETTER:

• Ex: Darren says he has been too busy to write before.

• WHEN YOU ARE PASSING A MESSAGE:

• Ex: Lucy says she will be late.

• CHANGES IN THE TIME AND PLACE REFERENCE:

• TODAY - - - > TOMORROW

• TOMORROW - - - > THE DAY AFTER, THE FOLLOWING DAY, THE NEXT DAY

• YESTERDAY - - - > THE PREVIOUS DAY, THE DAY BEFORE

• 2 DAYS AGO - - - > 2 DAYS BEFORE, 2 DAYS EARLIER

• NOW - - - > THEN

• HERE - - - > THERE

• COME - - - > GO

• BRING - - - > TAKE

• TAKE - - - > BRING

• OTHER CHANGES:

• PRONOUNS WILL CHANGE:

• Ex: I will give you a kiss/ Jack said he would give me a kiss

• THE DETERMINERS: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE - - - > THE

• THE PRONOUNS: THIS, THAT - - - > IT

• TOLD:

• TOLD SB + THAT … ) SENTENCE

• TOLD SB + TO DO STH ) ORDERS

+ NOT TO DO STH )

• Ex: Leave me alone! (+ INF) - - - > She told me to leave her alone.

• ASKED:

• ASKED SB + WH + WORD + SUBJECT + VERB ) QUESTION

• ASKES SB + TO DO STH ) REQUEST(pregunta q no es pregunta)

+ NOT TO DO STH )

• Ex: Leave my keey, PLEASE - - - > She asked my to leave his keys.

• MARKERS OF REQUEST:

• PLEASE

• CAN YOU?

• COULD YOU?

• WOULD YOU?

• WILL YOU?

• WOULD YOU MIND + ING.

• WARNED:

• WARN SB + TO DO STH

+ NOT TO DO STH

+ AGAINST DOING STH

+ ABOUT STH

• ADVISED:

• ADVICE SB + TO DO STH

+ NOT TO DO STH

• SE PASA CUANDO:

• YOU MUSNT´T …

• YOU SHOULD …

• YOU OUGHT TO…

• IF I WERE YOU, I HAD…

• YOU HAD BETTER + INFINITIVE (sin to)

+ NOT + INFINITIVE (sin to)

• IF EN NEGATIVE - - - > ADVISE SB AGAINST + ING

• - - > ADVISE SB NO TO + INFINITIVE

• SUGGESTED:

• SUGGEST + ING (cuando el q habla se esta incluyendo)

• SE PASA CUANDO:

• LET´S + INFINITIVE

• HOW ABOUT + ING

• WHAT ABOUT + ING

• WHY DON´T WE + ING

• SUGGEST + TO SB + THAT + SHOULD + INF. (sin to)

(el q habla no esta incluido) + INFINITIVE (sin to)

+ PAST SIMPLE

• SUGGEST(ED)(TO SB)(THAT) + SHOULD + BARE INFINITIVE

+ BARE INFINITIVE

+ PAST SIMPLE

+ SHOULD ENRROL

+ ENRROL

+ ENRROLED

• SE PASA CUANDO:

• WHY DON´T YOU…?

• I THINK YOU COULD…

• I THINK YOU SHOULD…

• OFFER:

• OFFERED SB + TO DO STH

+ NOT TO DO STH

SO :

SO + ADJETIVE

ADVERBS

Example: He works SO HARD … (works se relaciona con el adverb hard)

Exceptions: SO /MANY / FEW + NOUN > QUANTITY

/ MUCH / LITTLE + NOUN >

• Example: I´ve never seen SO FEW people in town.

SUCH :

SUCH (A/AN/ADJETIVE) + NOUN

He is SUCH A HARD worker

Exceptions: Si el noun es: UNCOUNTABLE >

PLURAL >

Exceptions: They were SUCH naughty BOYS.

• CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:

• CONDITIONAL 0 :

• (IF + PRESENT) + (PRESENT OR IMPERATIVE)

• Ex.: If you put paper on fire, it burns quickly.

2. GIVE INSTRUCTIONS

• Ex.: If the phone rings, answer it.

3. ADVICE

• Ex.: If Mary eats well, she is a beautiful girl.

4. ALWAYS TRUE (RUTINA, HABITOS, ETC.)

• Ex.: If Mike reads on the bus, he feels sick.

• WHEN OR WHENEVER CEN BE USED INSTEAD OF IF.

• CONDITIONAL 1:

• (IF + SIMPLE PRESENT) + (WILL FUTURE)

• (IF + PRESENT PERFECT) + (WILL FUTURE) To emphasis that de 1º action is completed to do the 2º action.

• Ex.: If we don't leave now, we will miss the bus.

• PERSUASION, PROMISES, WARNINGS AND THREATS.

• Ex.: Once you have landed, you will see your family.

• MODAL VERBS CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF WILL:

• MAY - - - > MORE IMPROBABLE

• Ex.: If we leave now, we may catch the train.

• MUST - - - > INVITATION

• Ex.: If you come to London again, you must call and see us.

• CONDITIONAL 2 :

• (IF + PAST SIMPLE) + ( WOULD/COULD/MIGHT)

• (IF + PAST CONTINUOS) + (WOULD BE + ING.)

• IMAGINARY OR IMPROBABLE SITUATIONS

• Ex.: You had feel healthier, if you did more exercise.

• UNREAL SITUATIONS

• Ex.: If I were taller, I would play basketball.

• EXPRESS ADVICE

• Ex.: If I were you, I wouldn't drive so fast.

• WHEN YOU USE MIGHT AND COULD: TO SHOW UNCERTANTY.

• Ex.: If you did more exercise, you might feel healthier.

• CONDITIONAL 3 :

• (IF + PAST PERFECT) + (WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + PAST PARTICIPLE)

• (IF + PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS) + (WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + PAST PARTICIPLE)

• IS IN THE PAST, AND SPECULATES ABOUT POSIBILITIES WHICH DIDN´T HAPPEN.

• Ex.: If I had had your address, I would have sent you a postcard.

• Ex.: You might not have crashed into the bus If you had been driving more slowly.

• WHEN THE IF VA AL PRINCIPIO DE LA ORACION SE PONE COMA. SI VA!

• WHEN THE IF VA AL FINAL DE LA ORACION NO VA COMA. NO VA!

• MIXED CONDITIONAL:

• (IF + SIMPLE PAST) + (WOULD/ MIGHT/ COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

• (IF + PAST PERFECT) + (WOULD/COULD/MIGHT)

• PAST ACTION WITH A PRESENT RESULT

• Ex.: If I hadn't broken my leg, I would go on holiday with you.

• PRESENT SITUATION WITH A RESULT IN THE PAST

• Ex.: If my sister weren't so distracted, she wouldn't have forgotten her shoes at home.

• OTHER WAYS OF INTRODUCING CONDITIONS:

• UNLESS:

• EN LUGARDE IF NOT:

• Ex.: Unless we leave now, we will miss the train.

• NO PUEDE SEGUIRSE DE WILL O WILL NOT

• NO PUEDE SEGUIRSE DE NADA NEGATIVO.

• AS LONG AS:

• TO EMPHASIS A CONDITION (remplaza a if)

• Ex.: I will lend you the Money you need as long as you promise not to waste it.

• PROVIDED THAT /PROVIDING THAT:

• SIGNIFICA: ON CONDITION THAT

• Ex.: You can come home on holiday with us provided that you do sth of the cooking.

MAS FORMAL QUE IF.

• PROBABILITY: WE ARE CERTAIN THAT STH IS THE CASE

• MUST/ CAN´T

• PRESENT SITUATION:

• MUST/CAN´T + INFINITIVE SIN TO

• Ex.: My doctor must be married. He wears a wedding ring.

• MUST /CAN´T + ING

• Ex.: Virginia must be wondering where I am. I said I'd de there at 3 p.m. and it's now 5 p.m.

2. PAST SITUATION:

• MUST/ CAN´T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

• Ex.: Sandra must have passed her driving test because I saw her driving a car on her own.

• MUST/CAN´T + HAVE BEEN + ING

• Ex.: I'm sorry I'm late. You must have been waiting for ages.

• POSSIBILITY: WE ARE NOT CERTAIN THAT STH IN THE CASE BUT WE THINK IT IS POSSIBLE

• PRESENT SITUATION:

• COULD/MAY/MIGHT + INFINITIVE SIN TO

• Ex.: Paula could be on holiday

• COULD/MAY/MIGHT + ING

• Ex.: Julie might be visiting her mother.

• PAST SITUATION:

• COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

• Ex.: Freda might have overslept

• COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE BEEN + ING

• Ex.: The missing girl may be have been wearing a blue shirt.

• NO DIFERENCE BETWEEN MAY, COULD AND MIGHT.

• MAY AND MIGHT EN NEGATIVE: MAY NOT Y MIGHT NOT

• COULD EN NEGATIVE: COULDN´T

• ARTICLES:

• THE:

• STH THAT HAS BEEN MENTIONED BEFORE

• Ex.: I have a dog

What's the dog name?

• STH THERE IS ONLY ONE OF IT IN A PARTICULAR CONTEXT

• Ex.: The queen spent 3 days in Argentina

• STH THE SPEAKER AND LISTENER BOTH KNOE ABOUT.

• Ex.: The film was really good.

• SUPERLATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

• Ex.: She is the fastest runner in Europe

• WITH ADJ USED AS NOUNS REFERRING TO GROUPS OF PEOPLE

• Ex.: There is one law for the rich and another for the poor.

• WITH THE NAMES OF THE OCEANS, SEAS, RIVERS, MOUNTAIN, RANGES.

• Ex.: The Atlantic.

• WITH THE NAMES OF SOME COUNTRIES AND GROUP OF ISLANDS

• Ex.: The United States.

• ZERO ARTICLES:

• NO ARTICLE IS USED:

• WITH PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS

• Ex.: X International footballers are paid too much money.

• WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

• Ex.: He used to drink X beer, but now he drinks only X water.

• WITH THE NAMES OF TOWNS, CITIES, STATES AND MOST COUNTRIES

• Ex.: X New York

• WITH NOUNS FOR CERTAIN PLACES OR SITUATIONS

• Ex.: Suzy went into X hospital yesterday.

• INVERSION:

• NEG ADV + AUX + SUBJECT + VERB … + BUT + AS WELL /ALSO

• NEGATIVE ADVERBS:

• NOT ONLY

• NEVER

• LITTLE

• SELDOM VS. OFTEN

• RARELY VS. OFTEN

• UNDER NO CIRCUNSTANCIES

• SO + ADJ.

+ ADV

• Ex.: He never comes back early - - - > Never does he come early.

• Ex.: He feel down the stairs. He sprained his ankle. - - - > Not only did he fall down the stairs but he also sprained his ankle as well.

PRESENT + SO THAT + WILL /CAN

PAST + SO THAT + WOULD /COULD

• HARDLY + HAD + SUBJECT + 3º C + WHEN + SENTENCE

• NO SOONER + HAD + SUBJECT + 3º C + THAN + SENTENCE

• Ex.: He came back home. It started raining. - - - > Hardly had he come back home when it started.

• (ONLY + BY/WHEN/ETC.), (AUX + SUBJECT + VERB)

• (NOT UNTIL + SENTENCE), (AUX + SUBJECT + VERB)

• MORE FORMAL

• WITH EMPHASIS

Ex.: They were allowed to enter only by paying in cash. - - - > Only by paying in cash, were they allowed to enter